Japanese washi-paper-based green composites: Fabrication, mechanical characterization, and evaluation of biodegradability

Abstract

In this study, sheets of Japanese washi-paper were layered and hot pressed with films of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) in order to produce a fiber-reinforced composite material that can be biodegraded. Using traditional Japanese washi-paper, a thin yet remarkably strong green composite with excellent biodegradability was produced, proving the potential of washi-paper as an attractive reinforcer in green composites. The composite was biodegraded in compost, and the ultimate aerobic biodegradability as well as weight loss and loss of mechanical properties during biodegradation was evaluated. Specimens fabricated from three layers of washi-paper and two layers of PBS film had remarkable mechanical properties, including an ultimate tensile strength of 59.85 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the cross-sectional structure of the material, which showed that the hollow washi-paper provides a structure for the polymer to settle into and surround the cellulose fibers. The large contact area between the cellulose fibers and the PBS caused a large internal friction which prevented failure by fiber pull-out, dramatically increasing the strength compared to neat washi-paper and neat PBS. Concerning biodegradability, the material reached 82 % biodegradation after 35 days. During biodegradation, the composite lost its mechanical properties fast, and was extremely fragile after 2 weeks inside the compost. After 6 weeks, the biodegradation had progressed so far that it was difficult to distinguish the material inside the compost. Due to its fast biodegradation and good mechanical strength, the washi-based composite material is potentially used in packaging, furniture, and agricultural applications such as mulch film.