Abstract
Lawyers, who follow the Anglo-Saxon legal system, divide marine transportation contracts into two groups of bill of lading and charter party. Bill of lading is a document which attests to a marine transportation contract; and the delivery or loading of the goods by the carrier, in accordance to which the carrier pledges to deliver the item to the receiver, whose name has been mentioned in it, or to the holder of the document. Charter party is a contract, based on which the owner of a ship hands over the utilization of the ship (interests of a ship) to a lessee, for a specified period of time, or for one or several determined voyages between specified ports, for the purpose of transportation of cargo or passengers, in return for a clarified rent. This contract is divided into three types, including; journey-based, temporal-based and non-shared based contracts. Issuance of the bill of lading shows the presence of a transportation contract between a sender and a carrier. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the said document does not provide a solid and certain proof of fulfillment of all contractual conditions; because the corresponding conditions could have changed in accordance with the charter party contract; documents released by the owner of the ship; and/or the verbal commitment of the parties to the contract. Furthermore, the bill of lading is tantamount to the receipt of items which have been mentioned in it. However, it should not be considered as certain proof of delivery of the items. Thus, English legal texts refer to it as an apparent proof. Also, the bill of lading is synonymous to the goods’ title deed, and therefore, its holder can receive the items, as the owner; by rendering the document. The acceptance of such a role for the bill of lading is rooted in the global trade conditions. In other words, given the need for speed in commercial affairs, the holder of the bill of lading is considered as the owner of the items mentioned in it in a bid to expedite the unloading and delivery of the goods to the owner. Keywords: international law, charter party contract, bills of lading, shipping, global trade, marine transport. Resumo Os advogados, que seguem o sistema jurídico anglo-saxão, dividem os contratos de transporte marítimo em dois grupos de conhecimento de embarque e fretamento. Conhecimento de embarque é um documento que atesta um contrato de transporte marítimo e a entrega ou carregamento das mercadorias pelo transportador, de acordo com o qual o transportador se compromete a entregar o item ao destinatário, cujo nome tenha sido mencionado nele, ou ao titular do documento. A parte fretada é um contrato, com base no qual o proprietário de um navio entrega a utilização do navio (interesses de um navio) a um arrendatário, por um período de tempo especificado, ou para uma ou várias viagens determinadas entre portos especificados, pelo objetivo do transporte de carga ou passageiros, em troca de um aluguel esclarecido. Este contrato é dividido em três tipos, incluindo; contratos baseados em jornada, temporal e não compartilhados. A emissão do conhecimento de embarque mostra a presença de um contrato de transporte entre um remetente e uma transportadora. Entretanto, deve-se notar que o referido documento não fornece uma prova sólida e certa do cumprimento de todas as condições contratuais; porque as condições correspondentes poderiam ter sido alteradas de acordo com o contrato da parte fretada; documentos liberados pelo proprietário do navio; e / ou o compromisso verbal das partes no contrato. Além disso, o conhecimento de embarque é equivalente ao recebimento dos itens mencionados nele. No entanto, não deve ser considerado como prova de entrega dos itens. Assim, os textos legais em inglês se referem a ele como uma prova aparente. Além disso, o conhecimento de embarque é sinônimo da escritura da mercadoria e, portanto, seu detentor pode receber os itens como proprietário; renderizando o documento. A aceitação de tal papel para o conhecimento de embarque está enraizada nas condições comerciais globais. Em outras palavras, dada a necessidade de agilidade nos negócios comerciais, o detentor do conhecimento de embarque é considerado o proprietário dos itens mencionados, em uma tentativa de agilizar a descarga e a entrega das mercadorias ao proprietário. Palavras-chave: direito internacional, contrato de fretamento, conhecimentos de embarque, remessa, comércio global, transporte marítimo.
Highlights
The concept of shipping is not new and the Irans have been familiar with it from time immemorial
Bill of lading is a document which attests to a marine transportation contract; and the delivery or loading of the goods by the carrier, in accordance to which the carrier pledges to deliver the item to the receiver, whose name has been mentioned in it, or to the holder of the document
The maritime laws referred to as the power of marine transportation and defined as the set of rules guiding the relationship among persons in this field; and an advanced scientific major which observes the formation, changing, interpretation and analysis of laws related to this field, is a new subject in the legal system and academic society of Iran
Summary
The concept of shipping is not new and the Irans have been familiar with it from time immemorial. Saeed Hamzeii[1] ABSTRACT Lawyers, who follow the Anglo-Saxon legal system, divide marine transportation contracts into two groups of bill of lading and charter party.
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