Abstract
In this review article, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are briefly explained and the importance of scaffolds is highlighted. Furthermore, the requirements of scaffolds and how they can be fulfilled by using specific biomaterials and fabrication methods are presented. Detailed insight is given into the two biopolymers chitosan and collagen. The fabrication methods are divided into two categories: isotropic and anisotropic scaffold fabrication methods. Processable biomaterials and achievable pore sizes are assigned to each method. In addition, fiber spinning methods and textile fabrication methods used to produce anisotropic scaffolds are described in detail and the advantages of anisotropic scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are highlighted.
Highlights
The two terms “regenerative medicine” and “tissue engineering” are used synonymously as well as differently in the current literature
Anisotropy is found from the macroscopic to the molecular level, as collagen fibers themselves have anisotropic properties as their molecules are aligned in the direction of the fiber axis
No studies are available regarding the evaluation of the anisotropy of newly formed tissue on open porous anisotropic fiber based scaffolds prepared from yarns and textile processing
Summary
The two terms “regenerative medicine” and “tissue engineering” are used synonymously as well as differently in the current literature. The ideas and concepts of “regenerative medicine” and “tissue engineering” have been used since the beginning of the 20th century: Alexis Carrel was developing techniques to cultivate cells in vitro and was proposing with Charles Lindbergh to grow organs as early as the 1930s [1]. These concepts were focused exclusively on cells until the 1970s. If a differentiated view of the two terms is indispensable, “tissue engineering” may be assigned to the engineering context and “regenerative medicine” to the medical or biological context. Both terms can be summarized as “tissue engineering and regenerative medicine” (TERM)
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