Abstract
.Significance: Infrared (IR) inhibition can selectively block peripheral sensory nerve fibers, a potential treatment for autonomic-dysfunction-related diseases (e.g., neuropathic pain and interstitial cystitis). Lowering the IR inhibition threshold can increase its translational potentials.Aim: Infrared induces inhibition by enhancing potassium channel activation. We hypothesized that the IR dose threshold could be reduced by combining it with isotonic ion replacement.Approach: We tested the IR inhibition threshold on the pleural-abdominal connective of Aplysia californica. Using a customized chamber system, the IR inhibition was applied either in normal saline or in isotonic ion-replaced saline, which could be high glucose saline, high choline saline, or high glucose/high choline saline. Each modified saline was at a subthreshold concentration for inhibiting neural conduction.Results: We showed that isotonically replacing ions in saline with glucose and/or choline can reduce the IR threshold and temperature threshold of neural inhibition. Furthermore, the size selectivity of IR inhibition was preserved when combined with high glucose/high choline saline.Conclusions: The present work of IR inhibition combined with isotonic ion replacement will guide further development of a more effective size-selective IR inhibition modality for future research and translational applications.
Highlights
Inhibition of peripheral nerves can be useful for treating disease
The present work of IR inhibition combined with isotonic ion replacement will guide further development of a more effective size-selective IR inhibition modality for future research and translational applications
We showed that infrared (IR) light can block action potential propagation in both neural and cardiac tissues 4–7 and others have confirmed these findings.[8,9,10,11,12]
Summary
Inhibition of peripheral nerves can be useful for treating disease (e.g., pain,[1] persistent hypertension,[2] or obesity[3]). We showed that infrared (IR) light can block action potential propagation in both neural and cardiac tissues 4–7 and others have confirmed these findings.[8,9,10,11,12] Unlike IR stimulation, which depends on spatiotemporal thermal gradients ðdT∕dt; dT∕dzÞ,[13,14,15,16,17] studies suggest that IR inhibition is due to an IR-induced baseline temperature increase.[18] Recently, we showed that temperature increases lead to rate increases in Hodgkin–Huxley gating mechanisms so that the Neurophotonics. Combining IR with electrical current lowered the threshold for IR neural stimulation.[6,15] we hypothesized that adding another inhibitory modality could reduce the IR inhibition threshold, enhancing potential translational applications
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