Abstract
Objective: This research investigates the antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antiretroviral activities of the lionfish spine poison extract.
 Methods: Isolation and purification of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) protein obtained from the spine poison were conducted through the following stages, including, extraction of the venom by sonication, heating, and purification using gradual saturation levels of ammonium sulfate. Furthermore, the purity and concentration of PLA2 were analyzed using the Lowry test and Marinetti’s method, respectively, while its protein content was ascertained through SDS-PAGE. Toxicity was then evaluated employing the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), and its anticancer activity was assessed in human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa cells). Finally, its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiretroviral activities were analyzed using the DPPH method, agar diffusion test against Salmonella sp. and E. coli, and SRV-2 and RT-qPCR tests, respectively.
 Results: The protein demonstrated 37.79% inhibition for anticancer activity, IC50 1312 ppm for antioxidant activity, 98.81%, and 89.28% inhibition of E. coli and Salmonella sp. respectively for antibacterial activity and 98.13% inhibition for antiretroviral activity.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that lionfish (Pterois volitans) has the potential to be developed as an antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiretroviral agent. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of its spine venom was determined by isolating PLA2 protein from its extract, using an optimum heating temperature of 70 °C and an ammonium sulfate saturation level of 80%.
Highlights
Pterois volitans commonly known as Lionfish are a predator species that hunts its prey such as crustaceans, small fishes, and crabs at night because it is nocturnal [1]
The effect of heating temperature on protein concentration. It can be seen from the results, as shown in fig. 1 that temperature is directly proportional to the concentration of the resulting protein
It confirms that a higher heating temperature caused the isolation of more protein because the proteins which are denatured during heating get accumulated during fractionation using ammonium sulfate [13]
Summary
Pterois volitans commonly known as Lionfish are a predator species that hunts its prey such as crustaceans, small fishes, and crabs at night because it is nocturnal [1] They may look unique and have an attractive shape, they sit at the top of the food chain in the ocean because their sting is a threat to other marine life-forms [2]. Reports have shown that they are capable of damaging coral reefs and altering the food chain, causing imbalances in the ecosystem, which leads to population changes [3, 4] This fish can pose a threat to the marine life forms in countries that are close to the Indo-Pacific Ocean, which lies adjacent to the Indian Ocean, of which Indonesia is one such [5]. This poison has the potential to be used for beneficial purposes
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