Abstract
BackgroundBeaches are recreational spots for people. However, beach sand contains harmful microbes that affect human health, and there are no established methods for either sampling and identifying beach-borne pathogens or managing the quality of beach sand.MethodThis study was conducted with the aim of improving human safety at beaches and augmenting the quality of the beach experience. Beach sand was used as a resource to isolate bacteria due to its distinctive features and the biodiversity of the beach sand biota. A selected bacterial isolate termed FSRS was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri using 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and the sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank database under the accession number MF599548. The isolated P. stutzeri bacterium was cultured in Luria–Bertani growth medium, and a crude extract was prepared using ethyl acetate to examine the potential pathogenic effect of P. stutzeri on human skin. A human skin keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) was used to assess cell adhesion, cell viability, and cell proliferation using a morphological analysis and a WST-1 assay.ResultThe crude P. stutzeri extract inhibited cell adhesion and decreased cell viability in HaCaT cells. We concluded that the crude extract of P. stutzeri FSRS had a strong pathological effect on human skin cells.DiscussionBeach visitors frequently get skin infections, but the exact cause of the infections is yet to be determined. The beach sand bacterium P. stutzeri may, therefore, be responsible for some of the dermatological problems experienced by people visiting the beach.
Highlights
Beaches are recreational sites where numerous leisure activities can be carried out, including sunbathing and various sports and games
This study aimed to confirm the presence of P. stutzeri in beach sand and examine the effects of a P. stutzeri extract on the cell adhesion and cell viability of a human skin keratinocyte to understand whether P. stutzeri presents a potential pathological threat to beach-goers
A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences showed that Fazli Subhan Raheem Shahzad (FSRS) is closely related to other P. stutzeri strains, as
Summary
Beaches are recreational sites where numerous leisure activities can be carried out, including sunbathing and various sports and games. Beaches are economically important, How to cite this article Subhan et al (2018), Isolation, identification, and pathological effects of beach sand bacterial extract on human skin keratinocytes in vitro. There have been several negative reports regarding the condition of beaches and the incidence of diseases acquired by visitors. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a causative agent of skin and urinary tract infections in young women, and this bacterium was reported to be present at a Brazilian beach (De Sousa et al, 2017). The isolated P. stutzeri bacterium was cultured in Luria–Bertani growth medium, and a crude extract was prepared using ethyl acetate to examine the potential pathogenic effect of P. stutzeri on human skin. We concluded that the crude extract of P. stutzeri FSRS had a strong pathological effect on human skin cells. The beach sand bacterium P. stutzeri may, be responsible for some of the dermatological problems experienced by people visiting the beach
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