Isolation and purification of potential weed inhibitors from Mimosa pigra L.

Piper methysticum (kava) root is known to possess promising weed suppressing activity. The present study was conducted to search for potent plant growth inhibitors from the root of this medicinal pepper plant. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract exhibited the strongest reduction on growth of Raphanus sativus (radish) (IC50 shoot and root growth = 172.00 and 51.31 µg/mL respectively) among solvent extracts. From this active extract, nine potent growth inhibitors involved in the inhibitory activities of P. methysticum root were isolated, purified and characterized by column chromatography (CC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The six fractions purified by CC included two flavanones: 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone (C1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone (matteucinol, C2) and six kavalactones: 5,6-dehydro-kavain (C3), a mixture of kavain and yagonin (C4), yagonin (C5) and dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, dihydromethysticin and methysticin (C6). The amounts of 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone, matteucinol, 5,6-dehydrokavain and yangonin were 0.76, 2.50, 2.75 and 2.09 mg/g dry weight (DW), respectively. The two flavanones C1 and C2 exhibited the strongest inhibition on shoot elongation (IC50 = 120.22 and 248.03 µg/mL, respectively), whilst the two kavalactone mixtures C4 and C6 showed the highest suppression on root growth of R. sativus (IC50 = 7.70 and 15.67 µg/mL, respectively). This study was the first to report the purification and inhibitory activities of the two flavanones 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone and matteucinol in P. methysticum root. The isolated constituents from P. methysticum root including the flavanones C1 and C2 and the mixtures C4 and C6 may possess distinct modes of action on plant growth. Findings of this study highlighted that the combinations of hexane-ethyl acetate by 9:1 and 8:2 ratios successfully purified flavanones and kavalactones in P. methysticum root.

BackgroundThe exploration of natural sources for novel anticancer agents has garnered significant attention in recent years, driven by the need for effective and safe anticancer medications, considering the escalating global burden of cervical cancer. Vitex doniana Sweet (Verbenaceae), a plant with diverse traditional medicinal uses, especially in Africa, has shown promise in this regard due to its rich phytochemical composition.MethodsThis study investigated the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of V. doniana extracts on normal mammalian (Vero-CCL-81) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, including cancer-associated gene expression profiles, according to standard procedures. Phytochemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS).ResultsThe findings revealed significant (P < 0.0001) concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, by the aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane leaf extracts of V. doniana. Notably, differential cytotoxicity profiles were observed among different extracts. The median cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of the studied extracts were: 1025.12 µg/ml (Aqueous leaf extract), 10.67 µg/ml (methanolic leaf extract), 964.81 µg/ml (ethyl acetate extract), and 1238.85 µg/ml (dichloromethane leaf extract. Furthermore, high selectivity indices of the ethyl acetate (26.55) and dichloromethane (103.67) leaf extracts of V. doniana against HeLa cells were observed, underscoring their potential as targeted chemotherapeutic agents against cervical cancer. Mechanistic insights into the observed effects revealed significant modulation of key genes involved in cancer progression, including the androgen receptor (AR), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), caspase-3 (CASP3), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and tumour protein 53 (TP53/P53). GC–MS analysis revealed 10 bioactive compounds in the dichloromethane leaf extract of V. doniana, with γ-sitosterol and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one being the most abundant. Besides, the ethyl acetate leaf extract showed presence of 27 phytochemicals, whereby pentatriacontane and tetratetracontane were more common while α-calacorene and spiro (2.5) octane 5,5-dimethyl-4-(3-oxobutyl)- were less abundant.ConclusionThese findings provide valuable insights into the potential and molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cervical cancer effects of V. doniana extracts, their attributable phytocompounds, and highlight their putative value as sources of lead compounds for the development of novel anticancer drugs.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-025-04923-w.

In the Philippines,Cycasspp. are found in Luzon Island particularly in Pampanga, Batangas, Bataan and Isabela provinces.. In this study, the bioactive potentials of the crude methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extracts ofCycas riuminianaPorte ex Regel were investigated. Based on the results of the four solvents used, the best extraction solvent for the phytochemicals is ethanol, followed by methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. The ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts showed comparable antioxidant activity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts also have comparable antioxidant activity but significantly lower than both methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However the greatest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract, followed by chloroform, methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The variation and similarity in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the different extracts can be attributed to different mechanisms of interactions, namely, independent joint action, additive, synergistic, competitive or antagonistic interactions, among the bioactive compounds present in the crude extracts. Further studies are needed to elucidate the structure of the different phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of Arayat Pitogo (C. riuminianaPorte ex Regel) and the specific mechanisms of interaction among these phytochemicals. SUMMARY The extracts were tested for the presence (trace, moderate or abundant amounts) of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols and glycosides. The ethanolic extract was positive for all phytochemicals screened with sterols, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins being abundant, alkaloids being moderate and triterpenes and saponins in trace amounts. The methanolic extract was also positive for all constituents but in trace amounts, except for flavonoids which were abundant. The ethyl acetate extract contained abundant sterols, moderate alkaloids and trace amounts of saponins, glycosides and tannins. Finally, the chloroform extract contained abundant sterols, and trace amounts of alkaloids, saponins and glycosides. The radical scavenging assay revealed that the highest percent inhibition was obtained for the ethanolic leaf extract (60.53±0.7801%), followed by methanolic extract (59.92±3.160%), chloroform extract (50.17±4.779%) and ethyl acetate extract (47.25±3.759%). In terms of antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate extract registered the highest inhibition against the three test organisms, namely,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilisandEscherichia coli. The chloroform extract inhibitedS. aureusandB. subtilis. The methanol extract inhibitedS. aureusonly. Finally, the ethanolic extract failed to inhibit any of the test organisms despite its abundant phytochemicals and high antioxidant activity. In terms of antifungal activity, the different extracts inhibitedCandida albicanswith the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts showing a high degree of inhibition followed by the methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However, none of the extracts showed any bioactivity againstAspergillus niger.

This paper reports the successive isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from the stem bark of Jatropha podagrica, a widely known medicinal plant. The ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays (IC50 = 46.7, 66.0, and 492.6, respectively). By column chromatography (CC) with elution of hexane and ethyl acetate at 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4 ratios, the isolation of this active extract yielded five fractions (C1–C5). Chemical structures of the constituents included in C1–C5 were elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and resolved as methyl gallate (C1, C2, C3, C4), gallic acid (C1, C2), fraxetin (C2, C3, C4, C5), and tomentin (C3). Mixture C2 (IC50 DPPH and ABTS = 2.5 µg/mL) and C3 (IC50 FRAP = 381 µg/mL) showed the highest antioxidant properties. Among the isolated fractions, C4 was the most potential agent in growth inhibition of six bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes,Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus mirabilis (MIC = 5, 20, 30, 20, 25, and 20 mg/mL, respectively). All identified constituents exerted an inhibitory activity on the growth of Lactuca sativa, of which the mixture C3 performed the maximal inhibition on shoot (IC50 = 49.4 µg/mL) and root (IC50 = 47.1 µg/mL) growth. Findings of this study suggest that gallic acid, methyl gallate, fraxetin, and tomentin isolated from J. podagrica possessed antioxidant, antibacterial, and growth inhibitory potentials.

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, may result in death. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Fruit extracts have been reported to inhibit the growth of an extensive panel of pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts have also been shown to block the growth of several bacterial species associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated for growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against a clinical strain of Clostridium perfringens. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts, as well as the leaf ethyl acetate extract, displayed growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against C. perfringens. The leaf extracts were generally more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding fruit extracts, although the aqueous fruit extract had substantially greater efficacy than the aqueous leaf extract. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 206 and 117 μg/ml respectively. The fruit methanolic extract also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 716 μg/ml. In contrast, the chloroform and hexane extracts of both fruit and leaf were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All T. ferdinandiana extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of galloand ellagi- tannins. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana extracts and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the leaf methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of tannins.

Phytochemical investigation of Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill, isolation, in vitro antioxidant, alpha-amylase inhibition, and in silico modelling studies

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) leaf extracts in different solvent media (petroleum ether, methanol, and ethyl acetate) were assessed for antimicrobial activity. Breadfruit leaf extracts have been reported to have different phytoconstituents. The effect of leaf extracts in different solvent media on pathogenic organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis was studied by disc diffusion assay and MIC (minimal inhibitory concentrations) values were investigated. Phytochemical compounds like steroids, phytosterols, gums and resins were found to be present in leaf extracts with different extraction media. Phenols and terpenoids were detected in ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts. Flavonoids were present in the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate leaf extracts, whereas tannins were detected only in the methanol leaf extract. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed for Strep. mutans, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa by using 50 μl of ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts, 20 μl of petroleum ether leaf extract, 25 μl of petroleum ether leaf extract, and 50 μl of methanol leaf extract, respectively. The MIC values were reported in between 0.3 and 0.6 mg/ml corresponding to variations in different solvent media used for leaf extracts against four different pathogenic bacteria.

The present work focused on Phytochemical screening, characterization, anticancer activity and antibiological activity of ethyl acetate extract of Melochia corchorifolia leaves followed by molecular docking studies have been carried out. The plant leaves have been collected, weighed, and extracted with the soxhlet apparatus by using ethyl acetate solvent and then extracted are subjected to phytochemical screening. Antibiological activity of plant leaves ethyl acetate extract has been tested against six bacterial and two fungal strains using agar well diffusion methodology. The characterization of phytoconstituents compounds has been carried out using various spectroscopy method such as GC-MS (Gas chromatography Mass spectroscopy), UV-visible and Fourier-transform infrared. Auto dock tool (4.2.0) is used for molecular docking studies. The phytochemical analysis of Melochia corchorifolia ethyl acetate leaves, reveals the existence of carbohydrates, glycosides, triterpenes flavonoids and alkaloids. Antimicrobial activity is effective against gram-positive bacterial strains namely Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16 mm), the gram-negative bacterial strains namely Salmonella typhi (15 mm) and E. coli (14 mm). Moreover, the extract is also found to be effective against Aspergillus Niger (18 mm) fungal species. The GC-MS and FT-IR analysis show bioactive compounds and their functional groups. UV-VIS analysis results reveal that the presence of phytoconstituents derivatives in the range between 206-350 nm. The cytotoxicity activity for the MCF-7 cell line shows that the drug efficacy IC50 value is 148.836 (μg/mL). Further, the predicted bioactive compounds are docked with the cancer estrogen protein receptor (PDB ID: 3s7s) with ligand martidin-15 one shows the highest binding affinity. The study reveals the potential of Melochia corchorifolia leaves ethyl acetate extract showed antibiological and anticancer activity.

The high resistance evolution of protozoans to the existing antiparasitic drugs has necessitated the quest for novel and effective drugs against plasmodium and trypanosome parasites. As a result, this study aimed to assess the antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal potentials of chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts of Oedera genistifolia. Standard biochemical procedures were explored for the plant extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) was used to identify the bioactive compounds in the crude extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts were assessed against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa cells) and their antiparasitic activities were investigated against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. GCMS analyses of the crude extracts revealed the bioactive compounds that could be responsible for the biological activities. The extracts had no cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells and demonstrated good antiplasmodial activity (chloroform extract: IC50 = 11.6 µg∙mL−1, ethyl acetate extract: IC50 = 3.3 µg∙mL−1 and ethanol extract: IC50 = 3.7 µg∙mL−1). Likewise, they showed excellent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 = 0.5 µg∙mL−1 for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts and IC50 = 0.4 µg∙mL−1 for the ethanol extract. Findings from the present study indicated that O. genistifolia could be a good source of strong antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal agents.

Dear Editor: Pergularia daemia Forsk (Asclepiadaceae) is a perennial twining herb commonly known as veliparuthi in Tamil. The plant has anthelmintic, laxative, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities[1]. The pharmacological properties of this plant come from bioactive phytochemicals such as alkaloids, triterpenes, saponins and flavonoids. Phytochemically, the plant has been investigated for the presence of cardenolides, alkaloids, saponins and steroidal compounds[2]. In the present study, we developed a rapid method for identification and quantitative determination of putative phyto compounds in the crude extracts of ethyl acetate and methanol from whole plant of Pergularia daemia. Matured Pergularia daemia plant was collected between August and December, 2013 from the river bank of Pudukkottai District, Tamil Nadu, India. The plant was identified and voucher specimen (ACC: 196) was deposited in the herbarium of Department of Botany, Annamalai University. The shade dried plant materials (root, stem, leaves, flower and bark) of Pergularia daemia of about 1,000 g were subjected for size reduction to coarse powder, which was defatted by using petroleum ether (60–80°C) and then extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate using Soxhlet apparatus for about 72 hours at 40°C. The sediment was then filtered with Whatman No. 1 filter paper[3]. Both ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Pergularia daemia were further concentrated under vacuum using rotary vacuum evaporator (Buchi R-V120, Switzerland) at 40°C and then reconstituted in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored at 4°C for further use. The percentage yield of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were found to be 4.5 % (w/w) and 8.1% (w/w), respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, tannins and carbohydrates in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of whole plant of Pergularia daemia. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) identified a number of compounds from GC fractions of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Pergularia daemia. The results revealed that the presence of 15 different compounds from ethyl acetate extract viz., (2S,3S)-(-)-3-propyloxiranemethanol, 4-heptanol, 3-methyl-, 1-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-propyl-, 2-decanynoic acid, dichloroacetic acid, 2,2-dimethylpropyl ester, cyclopentane undecanoic acid, 1-iodo-2-methylundecane, octadecane, 6-methyl-, heptacosane, methoxyacetic acid, 3-tetradecyl ester, 2(1H)naphthalenone, 3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-, 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (Z,E)-, azulene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1a′,7a′,8aa′)]-(e-guaiene), methoprene, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, phenyl methyl ester (Table 1) and 18 different phyto compounds from methanol extract viz 8-methyl-6-nonenoic acid, vitamin D3, n-hexadecanoic acid, 4-trifluoro acetoxypentadecane, undec-10-ynoic acid, 2-cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, (+)-,8-nonynoic acid, didodecyl phthalate, 4-nonene, 5-nitro-,cis-Z-a′-bisabolene epoxide, 1b,5,5,6a-tetramethyl-octahydro-1-oxa-cyclopropa[a]inden-6-one, 1-naphthalenepropanol, a′-ethyldecahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-a′,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylene [1S[1a′(S*), 4aa′, 5a′, 8aa′]]-, 1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-,5a′-androstan-16-one, cyclic ethylene mercaptole, 2(1H)naphthalenone, 3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-, azulene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-,[1S-(1a′,7a′,8aa′)]-(e-guaiene), methoprene, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and phenylmethyl ester (Table 2) were identified. Table 1 Phytoconstituents identified in ethyl acetate extract of Pergularia daemia. using GC-MS Table 2 Phytoconstituents in methanol extract of Pergularia daemia. using GC-MS analysis The major compounds such as didodecyl phthalate, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, phenylmethyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, heptacosane, azulene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1- methylethenyl)-, 2(1H) Naphthalenone, 3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)- and 1-iodo-2-methylundecane present in both extracts of this plant exert various biological activities (Table 3). Table 3 Pharmacological applications of major compounds present in Pergularia daemia Phytochemical characterization of Pergularia daemia explored the presence of phenolics and terpenoids in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, which may have an important role in maintaining good health due to their antioxidant activity. Moreover, our findings explored that the presence of biologically important active principles were highly accumulated in methanol extract when compared to ethyl acetate extract. It could be concluded that the choice of the solvent is an important criteria to retrieving more active substances. Further investigations on isolation of active principles from this plant and their possible chemopreventive mechanisms in oral carcinogenesis is currently under progress in our laboratory. We are grateful the Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT), Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India, to make available resources during this study and acknowledge the financial support of Department of Science and Technology – Science and Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB) New Delhi, India.

d-erythro -Sphingosine-1-phosphate (2), an intermediate in sphingosine metabolism, shows a diversity of biological activities. Comparable roles might be anticipated for d-ribo -phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (1). We describe an efficient three-step chemical synthesis of 1 from d-ribo -phytosphingosine. Our approach is based on standard phosphoramidite methodology and on the finding of Boumendjel and Miller ( J. Lipid Res. 1994. 35: 2305-2311) that sphingosine can be monophosphorylated at the 1-hydroxyl without protection of the 3-hydroxyl. However, we were unable to duplicate their reported synthesis of 2 without important modifications in reagents and reaction conditions. Under the reported conditions for preparing 2, we obtained a cyclic carbamate (14), which we have isolated and identified. The structures of 1 and the cyclic carbamate 14 were elucidated by a combination of mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Malaria is a major global public health problem, and the alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drugs now available underline how important it is to discover new antimalarial compounds. In the present study, ten plants were extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol and tested for their antimalarial activity against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (3D7) and CQ-resistant (Dd2 and INDO) strains of Plasmodium falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green assay. Plant extracts showed moderate to good antiparasitic effects. Promising antiplasmodial activity was found in the extracts from two plants, Phyllanthus emblica leaf 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) 3D7: 7.25 μg/mL (ethyl acetate extract), 3.125 μg/mL (methanol extract), and Syzygium aromaticum flower bud, IC₅₀ 3D7:13 μg/mL, (ethyl acetate extract) and 6.25 μg/mL (methanol extract). Moderate activity (30-75 μg/mL) was found in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Abrus precatorius (seed) and Gloriosa superba (leaf); leaf ethyl acetate extracts of Annona squamosa and flower of Musa paradisiaca. The above mentioned plant extracts were also found to be active against CQ-resistant strains (Dd2 and INDO). Cytotoxicity study with P. emblica leaf and S. aromaticum flower bud, extracts showed good therapeutic indices. These results demonstrate that leaf ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of P. emblica and flower bud extract of S. aromaticum may serve as antimalarial agents even in their crude form. The isolation of compounds from P. emblica and S. aromaticum seems to be of special interest for further antimalarial studies.

The main aim of this study was to determine Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, terpenoid content, steroid content and analyze the antioxidant activity of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii. Correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, terpenoid content and steroid content were also analyzed. The total phenolic content in E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts were found to be 10.16 mg GAE/g, 24.73 mg GAE/g, 26.11 mg GAE/g, and 24.85 mg GAE/g sample dry weight respectively. The Total flavonoid content of E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts was found to be 8.433 mg QE/g, 8.730 mg QE/g, 8.607 mg QE/g, and 8.545 mg QE/g respectively. Hexane extract showed the highest steroid content at 32.75 g/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract at 31.37 g/mL. The methanol extract and aqueous extract had the lowest steroid content at 22.2 g/mL and 21.21 g/mL, respectively. Terpenoid content was the highest in hexane extract with 62 mg/100 mg of dry extract, followed by the ethyl acetate extract with 45 mg/100 mg dry extract. The total content of terpenoids in the methanol extract was 25 mg/100 mg dry extract and the total content of terpenoids was lowest in the aqueous extract with 18 mg/100 mg dry extract. In 1-1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazine Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) Assay, the methanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 173.581 μg/mL while the hexane extract showed the lowest activity; with IC50 value of 389.13 μg/mL. Reducing power assay was evaluated and aqueous extract was shown to possess the highest reducing power. Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum assay indicated that methanol extract had the highest antioxidant capacity. Significant correlations were also found between Total Phenol Content, Total flavonoid Content, and antioxidant activities of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii.

Evaluation of different extracts and synthesised silver nanoparticles from leaves of Euphorbia prostrata against Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Hippobosca maculata

Mangifera indica (M.indica) is a well-known plant for its medicinal value. Different parts of M. indica have been scientifically proved to possess medicinal properties. Anti-biofilm activity of Mango twigs extract (MTE) and its biomolecule, methyl gallate (MG) have been explored against clinical pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Extract was prepared using ethyl acetate. Methyl gallate was isolated from ethyl acetate extract using column chromatography. Structure of methyl gallate was established using spectral techniques. The anti-biofilm activity was tested using static crystal violet staining method and visualized by stereo zoom light microscopy. At the concentration of 5 and 8 mg/ml of ethyl acetate extract and methyl gallate were disrupts and inhibits the formation of biofilm. The present findings proved that the mango twigs and methyl gallate have got the potential to inhibit the formation of biofilm. It could be used for preparation of neutraceuticals as potent antibacterial to treat various biofilm related human diseases.