Abstract
Mangiferin has been reported to exhibit anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective properties. This study aimed to develop an HPLC method to isolate mangiferin from Salacia chinensis L. root; investigate the impact of solvents on yield; optimise the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique; and compare mangiferin yield with continuously shaking extraction (CSE) and decoction techniques. The results showed that mangiferin, with a purity of over 88%, could be achieved by HPLC using a mixture of solvent A (water: acetonitrile: orthophosphoric acid, 96.8:3:0.2 (v/v/v)) and solvent B (acetonitrile). Solvent type significantly affected the extraction yield of mangiferin, and a mixture of acetone and water gave the highest extraction yield, as compared to other solvents or mixtures. UAE conditions, such as ultrasonic power, temperature, time and concentration of acetone significantly affected the extraction of mangiferin. Optimal UAE conditions were at an ultrasonic power of 250 W, temperature of 50 °C, acetone concentration of 40% and extraction time of 60 min. These optimal conditions could extract approximately 92 mg, whereas CSE and decoction only extracted 89.20 mg and 58.71 mg of mangiferin, respectively, from 1 g of S. chinensis root. Therefore, these UAE conditions are recommended for the extraction of mangiferin from S. chinensis root for further utilisation.
Highlights
Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-β-d glucoside) is a xanthone glucoside found primarily in mango (Mangifera indica) [1]
These results revealed that S. chinensis root had two major compounds, which were referred to as peak A and peak B
Our results were different to the findings reported by Chavan et al [7], who found that steam bath-assisted extraction (SBAE) using dimethyl formamide 30% produced a higher yield of mangiferin than ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), MAE and continuously shaking extraction (CSE)
Summary
Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-β-d glucoside) is a xanthone glucoside (polyphenol) found primarily in mango (Mangifera indica) [1]. Over 450 articles have been published on its occurrence, chemical nature, synthesis and medicinal properties over the last 50 years [2,3]. It has been found to exhibit anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-aging, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and analgesic properties [4]. Mangiferin-containing plant materials, such as mango, honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) and Salacia chinensis, have been used as traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of numerous ailments [1]. S. chinensis in particular has been traditionally used for the treatment of arthritis, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, liver disorder and certain cancers [5,6], with mangiferin reported as one of the major bioactive component in the root of S. chinensis [5,7]
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