Abstract
Black ginseng exhibits numerous pharmacological activities due to higher and more diverse ginsenosides than unprocessed white ginseng. The ginsenoside derivatives have been investigated in order to determine their chemical structures and pharmacological activities. We found a peak which was increased 10-fold but unidentified in the methanol extracts of a black ginseng product. The unknown peak was tracked and identified as linoleic acid rather than a ginsenoside derivative using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR analysis confirmed no presence of conjugated linoleic acids. Ginsenoside profiles and linoleic acid contents in black ginseng products were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Linoleic acid content was more directly proportional to the number of applied thermal cycles in the manufacturing process than any ginsenosides.
Highlights
Black ginsengs are made from white Panax ginseng roots, steamed and dried for nine cycles based on traditional recipes [1]
0.27 mg/g (Figure 5, result of another sample set with Figure 4). These results show that free fatty acid content more accurately reflects the hydrothermal history of the manufacturing process of black ginseng products compared to ginsenosides
We demonstrated in this study that linoleic acid increased significantly in black ginseng products made by a hydrothermal process under atmospheric pressure
Summary
Black ginsengs are made from white Panax ginseng roots, steamed and dried for nine cycles based on traditional recipes [1]. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 are usually found as significant components in white ginseng [6]. These ginsenosides undergo chemical reactions during the steaming process, such as hydrolysis of sugar moieties and subsequent dehydration that yield Rg3, F2, compound K, Rh2 [7]. Ginsenoside Rg3 can be further dehydrated to Rk1 and Rg5 in black ginseng, and more derivatives are produced from the ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 through hydrolysis and dehydration reactions [8]. The chemical structures of the derivatives can be identified using various mass spectrometric analyses and using the knowledge of possible reactions such as glycosidic bond cleavage and dehydration. Studies have shown that the number of identified ginsenosides increased to
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