Abstract
Nowadays, humanity faces one of the most serious health crises, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is related to the high rate of interhuman transmission of the virus, variability of clinical presentation, and the absence of specific therapeutic methods. COVID-19 can manifest with non-specific symptoms and signs, especially among the elderly. In some cases, the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia may be the first to appear. The pathophysiological mechanisms of hyponatremia among patients with COVID-19 are diverse, including syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), digestive loss of sodium ions, reduced sodium ion intake or use of diuretic therapy. Hyponatremia may also be considered a negative prognostic factor in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We need further studies to evaluate the etiology and therapeutic management of hyponatremia in patients with COVID-19.
Highlights
Published: 9 January 2021The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is part of the betacoronavirus family and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1,2]
Patients with COVID-19 can present dyselectrolytemia, like hyponatremia, which is defined by serum sodium levels less than 135 mmol/L
An article presents the case of a 55-year-old woman with kidney transplant, diagnosed with COVID-19, who associated hyponatremia since hospitalization [29]
Summary
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is part of the betacoronavirus family and causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1,2]. 45,921,698 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1,193,909 deaths, these numbers increasing alarmingly with each passing day [3] In most cases, this viral infection manifests with pneumonia, characterized by fever, dyspnea, cough, and bilateral interstitial infiltrates on chest X-ray examination [4]. According to one study from the USA, among the most frequent symptoms encountered in patients with COVID-19 are cough, fever, myalgia, headache, dyspnea, sore throat, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, loss of smell or taste, abdominal pain, and rhinorrhea [5]. These patients can present thrombotic manifestations, conjunctivitis, dermatological findings like maculopapular urticaria, vesicular eruptions, or transient livedo reticularis [6,7]. An important part of the COVID-19 patients can remain asymptomatic, which makes the diagnosis more difficult [4]
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