Is selfing a reproductive assurance promoting polyploid establishment? Reduced fitness, leaky self-incompatibility and lower inbreeding depression in neotetraploids.

Abstract

Newly formed polyploids face significant obstacles to persistence and population establishment because of fitness costs of intercytotype mating. Selfing provides the opportunity to escape mate limitation, enabling production of new individuals and increasing the likelihood of fixation of new polyploid lineages. Still, association between self-compatibility and polyploidy is not always clear. We compared self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression in neotetraploids and their diploid progenitor to explore the direct effects of whole genome duplications on self-incompatibility and the implications of ploidy-driven changes for polyploid establishment. Outcross and self-pollinations were performed in diploids and synthetic neotetraploids of Jasione maritima var. maritima, and reproductive success was measured through fruit and seed production and seed germination. Self- and outcross offspring were grown under controlled conditions, and plant performance was measured through several fitness parameters. Neotetraploids showed an overall lower performance than diploids. Reproductive success was negatively affected by selfing in both cytotypes. However, greater variation in the expression of self-incompatibility was observed in neotetraploids; additionally, developmental and physiological parameters were not affected by selfing on neotetraploids, with an overall similar fitness of outcrossed and selfed individuals, resulting in lower inbreeding depression indexes. Neotetraploids might have benefited from selfing at initial stages after their formation. Genome duplications resulted in leaky self-incompatibility, enabling the production of offspring under minority cytotype disadvantage with similar fitness as outcrossed offspring. Our results support theoretical assumptions that selfing might be important for neopolyploid establishment, although changes in self-incompatibility might not be abrupt.