Abstract
BackgroundThe cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) superfamily is involved in the biosynthesis of various primary and secondary metabolites. However, little is known about the effects of whole genome duplication (WGD) and tandem duplication (TD) events on the evolutionary history and functional divergence of P450s in Brassica after splitting from a common ancestor with Arabidopsis thaliana.ResultsUsing Hidden Markov Model search and manual curation, we detected that Brassica species have nearly 1.4-fold as many P450 members as A. thaliana. Most P450s in A. thaliana and Brassica species were located on pseudo-chromosomes. The inferred phylogeny indicated that all P450s were clustered into two different subgroups. Analysis of WGD event revealed that different P450 gene families had appeared after evolutionary events of species. For the TD event analyses, the P450s from TD events in Brassica species can be divided into ancient and recent parts. Our comparison of influence of WGD and TD events on the P450 gene superfamily between A. thaliana and Brassica species indicated that the family-specific evolution in the Brassica lineage can be attributed to both WGD and TD, whereas WGD was recognized as the major mechanism for the recent evolution of the P450 super gene family. Expression analysis of P450s from A. thaliana and Brassica species indicated that WGD-type P450s showed the same expression pattern but completely different expression with TD-type P450s across different tissues in Brassica species. Selection force analysis suggested that P450 orthologous gene pairs between A. thaliana and Brassica species underwent negative selection, but no significant differences were found between P450 orthologous gene pairs in A. thaliana–B. rapa and A. thaliana–B. oleracea lineages, as well as in different subgenomes in B. rapa or B. oleracea compared with A. thaliana.ConclusionsThis study is the first to investigate the effects of WGD and TD on the evolutionary history and functional divergence of P450 gene families in A. thaliana and Brassica species. This study provides a biology model to study the mechanism of gene family formation, particularly in the context of the evolutionary history of angiosperms, and offers novel insights for the study of angiosperm genomes.
Highlights
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) superfamily is involved in the biosynthesis of various primary and secondary metabolites
Brassica species has a larger P450 gene superfamily than A. thaliana We identified the members of the P450 super gene family from the released protein sequences of A. thaliana, B. rapa, and B. oleracea to process an in-depth comparison between the cytochrome P450 gene family in A. thaliana and Brassica species
The inferred phylogeny and syntenic relationships of the P450 genes between A. thaliana and Brassica species indicated that the family-specific evolution in the Brassica lineage can be attributed to both whole genome duplication (WGD) and tandem duplication (TD), whereas WGD was recognized as the major mechanism for the recent evolution of the P450 supergene family in the Brassica lineage
Summary
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) superfamily is involved in the biosynthesis of various primary and secondary metabolites. Many P450s are involved in the syntheses of pigments, antioxidants, structural polymers, and defense-related compounds, such as flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolic esters, coumarins, alkaloids, terpenoids, lipids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, benzoxazinones, and isoprenoids, whereas others are crucial for the synthesis and catabolism of plant growth regulators and signaling molecules. Similar to their animal counterparts, some P450s are involved in the detoxification of pollutants, herbicides, and insecticides [2]. CYP 71 clan was classified into A type P450s, and the remaining eight clans were classified into non-A type These analyses brought critical information for studying the phylogeny of cytochrome P450 gene family
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