Is a Water Content of 60% Maximum Water Holding Capacity Suitable for Folsomia candida Reproduction Tests? A Study with Silver Nanoparticles and AgNO₃.

Moira Mckee,Juliane Filser,Amelia Megía Guerrero

doi:10.3390/ijerph15040652

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are increasingly emitted to the environment due to a rise in application in various products; therefore, assessment of their potential risks for biota is important. In this study the effects of AgNP at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.6–375 µg kg−1 soil) on the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) soil was examined at different soil water contents. Animals were retrieved by heat extraction, which had an efficiency of about 90% compared with the floatation method. The tested water content range is set by OECD Guideline 232 (40–60% of the maximum water holding capacity, WHC), and we detected significant differences in toxicity due to these. With AgNO3, used as an ionic control, the number of juveniles significantly decreased only at 40% WHC, which might be due to dilution of the toxicant at higher soil water content. In turn, at 60% WHC, the reproduction of F. candida significantly increased in the presence of AgNP compared with in the control. However, at this water content, the required number of juveniles in the control treatment was not reached in three independent tests. The fact that the OECD validity criterion is not met indicates that the soil conditions are not suitable for reproduction at 60% WHC.

Highlights

In recent years the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) has become increasingly widespread across many areas of application
We propose that the bioavailability of Ag changes when the water content in the soil changes, which can affect its toxicity to F. candida
AgNP NM-300K were obtained from the Joint Research Center as they are recommended for testing of nanomaterial hazards by the European Commission and the OECD [18]

Summary

Introduction

In recent years the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) has become increasingly widespread across many areas of application. These range from cosmetics and medical technologies to construction materials and coatings of textiles [1,2]. The pH, organic matter content, ionic strength, and clay content have been identified as important factors in this context [9,10,11,12,13,14] This means that depending on the characteristics of the soil used in a study, the observed effects of AgNP might vary, causing a different risk assessment of this new contaminant

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