Abstract
Evolution of depth profiles of the refractive index in Y3Al5O12 (YAG) crystals were studied under 200 MeV 136Xe14+ ion irradiation, since the index can be related with the stress change and/or the defect formation by the irradiation. Using the prism-coupling and the end-surface coupling methods, various waveguide (WG) modes were detected. Then, the index depth profiles were determined by reproducing the observed WG modes. The index changes were observed at three different depth regions; (i) a sharp dip at 13 μm in depth, which is attributed to the nuclear stopping Sn peak, (ii) a plateau near the surface between 0 and 3 μm in depth, which can be ascribed to the electronic stopping Se, since Se has a very broad peak at the surface, and (iii) a broad peak at 6 μm in depth. Since the last peak is ascribed to neither of Se nor Sn peak, it could be attributed to the synergy effect of Se and Sn.
Highlights
Optical waveguides (WGs) are elements to confine light wave inside and to guide the waves along them, which are considered as important parts for future optical integrate circuits [1]
The simplest WGs consist of two layers: (i) a higher index layer deposited on a lower index substrate can act as a slab-type WG. (ii) another strategy is to decrease the refractive index of a certain depth region of a transparent material without decreasing the index of the shallower layer
This paper reports the fluence dependence of the Single rcerfryacsttiavelsinodfexupnrodfiolepseodf ytytrtiturmiu-amlu-mailnuumm-ignaurnmet-(gYaArGn)ectry(sYta3lsAirlr5aOdia1t2e,dYwAithGs)wwiftihtehavtyhieonds imensions of 10 mm b(SyHI1s0) ofm20m0 MbeyV X1e1m4+ imonsw, aet vrearipouusrfcluheanscesdrafnrgoinmg fAroTmO1 M× 10O11 tpot5ic×s10C13oio.nsL/ctmd2.., Shanghai, China
Summary
Optical waveguides (WGs) are elements to confine light wave inside and to guide the waves along them, which are considered as important parts for future optical integrate circuits [1]. While the most known WGs are optical fibers, here we discuss WGs of the slab type, which consist of thin film layer(s) on a substrate (See Figure 1). The optical WGs of the slab type are formed, when a transparent material B (guiding layer), having the highest index (nB), is sandwiched with materials A (cladding layer: nA) and C (substrate layer: nC), both having lower indices than the material B (the guiding layer), i.e., nA, nC < nB. At the boundaries A–B and B–C, the total reflections are repeated with the reflection angles higher than certain values. Light could be confined in the material B due to the total reflections at both the boundaries A–B and B–C. The simplest WGs consist of two layers: (i) a higher index layer deposited on a lower index substrate can act as a slab-type WG. The simplest WGs consist of two layers: (i) a higher index layer deposited on a lower index substrate can act as a slab-type WG. (ii) another strategy is to decrease the refractive index of a certain depth region of a transparent material without decreasing the index of the shallower layer
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