Iron reduction in composting environment synergized with quinone redox cycling drives humification and free radical production from humic substances

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of Fe (III) on humification and free radicals evolution. The experimental data showed that the experimental group (CT) with Fe2(SO4)3 had a better degree of humification than the control group (CK). The humic substances (HS) content was 10% higher in CT (23.94 mg·g−1) than in CK (21.54 mg·g−1) in the final. Fe (III) contributed significantly to the formation of free radicals in HS. The amount of H2O2 in CT increased to 74.8 mmol·kg−1, while CK was only 46.5 mmol·kg−1. The content of semiquinone free radical was 10.32 × 1011 spins/mm3 in CT, 5.11 × 1011 spins/mm3 in CK in the end. Several iron-reducing bacteria were detected in composting, among which Paenibacillus was dominant. The above findings suggested that the application of Fe2(SO4)3 enhanced the iron reduction synergistic quinone redox cycling and promoted the generation of free radicals during the humification of composting.