Abstract
The degradation of iprodione (IPR), a once frequently used but recently banned dicarboximide fungicide, by UV-C light-, zero-valent iron- (ZVI), and zero-valent aluminium (ZVA)-activated persulfate (PS) oxidation processes was comparatively studied in distilled (pure) water (DW) and simulated, tertiary treated urban wastewater (SWW). The performance of PS-activated oxidation processes was examined by following IPR (2–10 mg/L) removal, PS (0.01–1.00 mM) consumption, metal ion release (for the two heterogeneous catalytic oxidation processes), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal as well as hydroxylated aromatic and low molecular weight aliphatic degradation products. The effect of pH and PS concentrations on IPR removal was examined in DW. While the experiments in DW highlighted the superior performance of UV-C/PS treatment (with 78% DOC removal after 120 min at pH = 6.2), the performance of UV-C/PS treatment decreased sharply (to 24% DOC removal after 120 min at pH = 6.8) in the complex wastewater matrix (in SWW). Complete IPR (in 20 min) and 40% DOC (in 120 min) removals were obtained with ZVI/PS treatment (1 g/L ZVI, 1.5 mM PS, pH = 3.0), which was the most effective oxidation process in SWW. The treatment performance was strongly influenced by the SWW constituents, and UV-C/PS treatment appeared to be the most sensitive to it.
Highlights
Hydantoin, or glycolylurea, is a five-membered ring heterocyclic compound with the formula CH2 C(O)NHC(O)NH [1]
In the second part of this study, the treatment performances of the UV-C/PS, zero-valent iron- (ZVI)/PS, and zero-valent aluminium (ZVA)/PS processes were examined under more realistic treatment conditions, with IPR added into SWW, simulating a tertiary treated urban effluent
2 mg/L IPR indicated that even UV-C photolysis
Summary
Glycolylurea, is a five-membered ring heterocyclic compound with the formula CH2 C(O)NHC(O)NH [1]. In a more general sense, hydantoins can refer to groups and a class of compounds with the same ring structure as the parent. Hydantoin derivatives form a class of anticonvulsants: phenytoin and fosphenytoin, both of which contain hydantoin moieties and are both used as anticonvulsants in the treatment of seizure disorders [2]. One of the most important hydantoin derivatives is iprodione (IPR), which has found wide use in agricultural production as a fungicide. IPR is a dicarboximide contact fungicide with protective and curative action. It has a significant role in the control of fungal microorganisms such as Sclerotinia, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia, Alternaria, etc.
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