Abstract
This paper, the second in a series of four review papers to appear in this journal,presents a detailed description of various techniques and experimental proceduresin manufacturing ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) that, if fullydeveloped, can be used as effective biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificialmuscles as well as fully electroded with embedded electrodes for fuel cells. Theperformance of IPMCs manufactured by different manufacturing techniques arepresented and compared. In particular, a number of issues such as forceoptimization using the Taguchi design of experiment technique, effects ofdifferent cations on electromechanical performance of IPMCs, electrode andparticle size and distribution control, manufacturing cost minimizationapproaches, scaling and three-dimensional (3D) muscle production issues andheterogeneous composites by physical loading techniques are also reviewed anddiscussed.
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