Abstract
Increasing world energy demand and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels has initiated explorations for sustainable and green energy sources. High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are viewed as promising materials in fuel cell technology due to several advantages, namely improved kinetic of both electrodes, higher tolerance for carbon monoxide (CO) and low crossover and wastage. Recent technology developments showed phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) membranes most suitable for the production of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, drawbacks caused by leaching and condensation on the phosphate groups hindered the application of the PA-PBI membranes. By phosphate anion adsorption on Pt catalyst layers, a higher volume of liquid phosphoric acid on the electrolyte–electrode interface and within the electrodes inhibits or even stops gas movement and impedes electron reactions as the phosphoric acid level grows. Therefore, doping techniques have been extensively explored, and recently ionic liquids (ILs) were introduced as new doping materials to prepare the PA-PBI membranes. Hence, this paper provides a review on the use of ionic liquid material in PA-PBI membranes for HT-PEMFC applications. The effect of the ionic liquid preparation technique on PA-PBI membranes will be highlighted and discussed on the basis of its characterization and performance in HT-PEMFC applications.
Highlights
Rising energy demand driven by the growth of community and industries, catalyzed by the rapid depletion of petroleum-based energy sources, has initiated the interest of academicians or researchers to find new energy sources
Compañ et al [69] observed that the application of ionic liquids (ILs) as fillers improved the mechanical properties of the PBI membranes, which were caused by the interaction of the polymer matrix and the ionic liquid compounds
The addition of ionic liquid compounds may significantly improve the performance of phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) membranes for fuel cell application
Summary
Rising energy demand driven by the growth of community and industries, catalyzed by the rapid depletion of petroleum-based energy sources, has initiated the interest of academicians or researchers to find new energy sources. Perfluorosulfonic acid polymer membranes such as Nafion were used, as these materials demonstrated good conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability, as well as a higher power density [17,18] This polymer fails to perform at high operating temperatures due to decreased proton conductivity and destruction of the polymer structure [19,20]. Investigation of PEMFC applied structure Nafion membrane (Figure 2) as a proton exchange membrane, and to date this material has been recognized as a reference for PEMFC [27] This perfluorinated type of membrane was commercialized by the DuPont company and has several significant characteristics, such as high proton conductivity as well as good chemical and mechanical properties, for fuel cell operations with more than 60,000 h of operation.
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