Abstract
Especially through the development of liquid membranes based on lipophilic ligands (ion carriers, ionophores), a wide range of ion selective electrodes with sufficient selectivity for medical and biological applications became available. Continuous monitoring of Na+-, K+- and Ca2+-activities, e. g. during open-heart surgery and in intensive care units, has become possible. By now carrier based microelectrodes with sufficient selectivity for the direct measurement of Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and H+ in intracellular fluids are accessible. In respect to selectivity these devices are far superior to classical ion-exchanger electrodes and show a number of advantages in the technique of preparation as compared to glass microelectrodes. A novel cell assembly allows a direct potentiometric determination of the enantiomeric excess of chiral ammonium ions (e. g. protonated ephedrine).
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