Ion release and biocompatibility of Co-Cr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting from recycled Co-Cr powder: An in vitro study

Abstract

Statement of problemAs the cobalt chromium (Co-Cr) powder used in selective laser melting (SLM) is costly, reusing the remaining powder after multiple cycles provides an economic and environmental benefit. However, knowledge of the cytotoxic effect of the alloy fabricated from recycled powder is lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the biological effects of the Co-Cr ions released from the alloy fabricated from the recycled powder on the human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs). Material and methodsDisk-shaped Co-Cr specimens were fabricated by using the SLM technique from powders with different proportions of recycled to unused and from different recycling times. Co and Cr ions released from the disks immersed in the Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) for 24 hours or 7 days were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Biocompatibility of Co-Cr alloy was detected by incubation of HGFs and NOKs in DMEM containing Co and Cr ions for 24 hours. The ANOVA test was used to evaluate statistically significant differences among different groups (α=.05). ResultsCompared with the alloy fabricated from 100% unused powder, the concentrations of Co and Cr ions increased with the increase of recycled to unused powder ratio or with the increase in the recycling times. HGFs and NOKs showed an increase in apoptosis, intracellular oxidative stress (ROS), hypoxia-inducing factor1α (HIF-1α), and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF- α], interleukin 6 [IL-6], interleukin 8 [IL-8], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) with the increase of Co-Cr ions in a concentration-dependent manner. A significant reduction in cell proliferation was found with the increase in the concentrations of Co and Cr ions (P<.05). ConclusionsThe results of this study indicated that Co-Cr alloy fabricated from partially recycled powder or powder with different recycling times released significantly more Co and Cr ions and showed higher cytotoxicity to HGFs and NOKs than the alloy fabricated from unused powder.