Abstract
Sequential implantations of titanium (Ti) and carbon (C) into bearing steels have resulted in reduced coefficients of friction and improved wear resistance. These results, however, are highly dependent on the substrate material, test technique, and implantation parameters. Tribological property improvements have been reported for unimplanted and Ti and C implanted steel mating surfaces under dry sliding conditions, which may not be representative of anticipated bearing applications where both mating surfaces will be processed. Consequently, load‐friction‐wear (LFW) cylinders and rings fabricated from 440C steel were ion implanted with Ti and C to simulate anticipated bearing applications. Subsequent LFW tests showed a reduction in the steady‐state coefficient of friction of about 14%. More significant improvements were found in the reduction of sliding wear damage, i.e., smaller wear scar areas and elimination of stick–slip sliding wear behavior. Surface analysis was performed to correlate the Ti and C ion concentration–depth profiles with the observed tribological improvements. Comparisons with other published research concerning Ti and C implantation of bearing steels for improved tribological properties are also presented.
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