Abstract
Alveolar bone resorption is one of the most important facts in denture construction. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) causes alveolar bone resorption, and morphologic measurements are the most frequent methods to identify bone resorption in periodontal studies. This study has aimed at evaluating the effect of Andrographolide (AND) on alveolar bone resorption in rats induced by Pg. 24 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups as follows: normal control group and three experimental groups challenged orally with Pg ATCC 33277 five times a week supplemented with 20 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of AND for twelve weeks. Alveolar bones of the left and right sides of the mandible were assessed by a morphometric method. The bone level, that is, the distance from the alveolar bone crest to cementumenamel junction (CEJ), was measured using 6.1 : 1 zoom stereomicroscope and software. AND reduced the effect of Pg on alveolar bone resorption and decreased the serum levels of Hexanoyl-Lysine (HEL); furthermore the reduced glutathione/oxidised glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio in AND treated groups (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly increased when compared with the Pg group (P < 0.05). We can conclude that AND suppresses alveolar bone resorption caused by Pg in rats.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that result in both loss of attachment between teeth and periodontium and osteoclastic resorption of alveolar bone [1]
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) ATCC strain 33277 was cultured on anaerobic blood agar plates (Becton Dickinson Co) in an aerobic chamber (Coy Laboratory Products Inc.) with 85% N2, 5% H2, and 10% CO2 from 3 to 5 days and inoculated into Schaedler Broth (Difco Laboratories) containing hemin and menadione for 24 hours according to the previous protocol [18], and bacteria were harvested from Schaedler Broth resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in an anaerobic state for feeding the rats
To determine the degree of local periodontal destruction, we measured the alveolar bone resorption in left and right mandibles by a morphometric method, the distances between the alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), as illustrated in (Figure 1), and our results showed that there was a significant decrease of alveolar bone resorption in the AND (10 and 20 mg/kg) groups than those in the Pg group (Figure 2)
Summary
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that result in both loss of attachment between teeth and periodontium and osteoclastic resorption of alveolar bone [1] They are very widespread in humans and are associated with the presence of several species of subgingival microorganisms, Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. Infection with Pg results in a variety of host immune responses [2] It is not known whether the disease state results when host response is insufficiently protective or, alternatively, if the immune response itself is actively destructive [3]. Both may be true at different times, or different aspects of the immune response may be either protective or destructive [4]. It stimulates bone resorption in rat calvaria cultures via its lipopolysaccharide [6] and causes osteoclastic bone resorption in the hind paws of mice and alveolar bone resorption in rats [7]
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