Preventive Effects of Drinking Hydrogen-Rich Water on Gingival Oxidative Stress and Alveolar Bone Resorption in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Toshiki Yoneda,Kouhei Fujimori,Manabu Morita,Tatsuya Machida,Koichiro Irie,Muneyoshi Kunitomo,Daisuke Ekuni,Tetsuji Azuma,Hisataka Miyai,Takaaki Tomofuji

doi:10.3390/nu9010064

Abstract

Obesity induces gingival oxidative stress, which is involved in the progression of alveolar bone resorption. The antioxidant effect of hydrogen-rich water may attenuate gingival oxidative stress and prevent alveolar bone resorption in cases of obesity. We examined whether hydrogen-rich water could suppress gingival oxidative stress and alveolar bone resorption in obese rats fed a high-fat diet. Male Fischer 344 rats (n = 18) were divided into three groups of six rats each: a control group (fed a regular diet and drinking distilled water) and two experimental groups (fed a high-fat diet and drinking distilled water or hydrogen-rich water). The level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was determined to evaluate oxidative stress. The bone mineral density of the alveolar bone was analyzed by micro-computerized tomography. Obese rats, induced by a high-fat diet, showed a higher gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and a lower level of alveolar bone density compared to the control group. Drinking hydrogen-rich water suppressed body weight gain, lowered gingival level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and reduced alveolar bone resorption in rats on a high-fat diet. The results indicate that hydrogen-rich water could suppress gingival oxidative stress and alveolar bone resorption by limiting obesity.

Highlights

Obesity, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that increases the risk of chronic disease, has been increasingly linked with periodontal disease
There was no significant difference in body weight gain between that of the control group and that of the HFD + hydrogen-rich water (HW) group during the experimental period
On the other hand, drinking HW suppressed the effects of a high-fat diet on body weight gain, and showed lower levels of serum and gingival 8-OHdG compared with the obese rats

Summary

Introduction

Obesity, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that increases the risk of chronic disease, has been increasingly linked with periodontal disease. Reports show that individuals who become obese have a higher risk of developing periodontal disease (relative risk (RR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21–1.47) compared with counterparts of normal weight [1]. Obese individuals have been shown to have a significantly higher risk of experiencing periodontal disease progression than individuals with normal weight after adjusting for important co-factors (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.04–1.78) [2]. These observations indicate that obesity is a risk for periodontal disease. ROS are products of normal cellular metabolism, overproduction of ROS induces oxidative stress by damaging DNA, lipids, and protein [5].

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