In-vitro study of the spontaneous calcification of PHEMA-based hydrogels in simulated body fluid

Abstract

In-vitro calcification of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)-based hydrogels in simulated body fluid (SBF) under a steady/batch system without agitation or stirring the solutions has been investigated. It was noted that the formation of calcium phosphate (CaP) deposits primarily proceeded through spontaneous precipitation. The CaP deposits were found both on the surface and inside the hydrogels. It appears that the effect of chemical structure or reducing the relative number of oxygen atoms in the copolymers on the degree of calcification was only important at the early stage of calcification. The morphology of the CaP deposits was observed to be spherical aggregates with a thickness of the CaP layer less than 0.5 microm. Additionally, the CaP deposits were found to be poorly crystalline or to have nano-size crystals, or to exist mostly as an amorphous phase. Characterization of the CaP phases in the deposits revealed that the deposits were comprised mainly of whitlockite [Ca(9)MgH(PO(4))7] type apatite and DCPD (CaHPO4.2H2O) as the precursors of hydroxyapatite [Ca(10)(PO(4))6(OH)2]. The presence of carbonate in the deposits was also detected during the calcification of PHEMA based hydrogels in SBF solution.