(Invited) High Write Efficiency in Voltage-Control Spintronics Memory (VoCSM) for Saving Energy Consumption of Nonvolatile Memories

Abstract

MRAM based on spin-transfer-torque (STT) write operations has been intensively developed as a technology for saving energy. During the development of high-density STT-MRAM, issues have arisen that have placed an intrinsic physical limit on the miniaturization of STT-MRAM. Recently, we proposed and developed a voltage-control spintronics memory (VoCSM) that employs the voltage-controlled-magnetic-anisotropy (VCMA) effect for the selection of MTJs and the spin-Hall effect (SHE) for write operations [1]. We achieved high write efficiency in the VoCSM by taking the following approaches: (1) developing a self-aligned VoCSM structure; (2) improving the spin-Hall electrode to have a large spin-Hall angle; and (3) optimizing the magnetic design of the storage layer. The VoCSM in the present study employs in-plane MTJs. The critical switching current Ic0 in this VoCSM is expressed as follows: Ic0 ~ (2e/ħ)αM S t eff{-(H k_eff-H k_eff(V))/2}(w N t N/θ SH) Here, e is the charge of an electron, α is a damping constant, ħ is Planck’s constant divided by 2π, M S is the saturation magnetization, t eff is the effective thickness of the storage layer, H k_eff is the effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy field, H k_eff(V) is the variation of H k_eff by the applied voltage (V MTJ), w N and t N are respectively the width and thickness of the spin-Hall electrode, and θ SH is the spin-Hall angle. Approach (1) We fabricated a VoCSM consisting of a string of several MTJs on spin-Hall electrodes as shown in Fig. 1. In the self-aligned VoCSM structure, since the width of the spin-Hall electrode and that of the MTJ are same, almost all of the spin-polarized electrons can exert torque on the storage layer. This enabled a large reduction in the Ic of the self-aligned VoCSM [2]. Furthermore, when the spin-Hall electrode was made thinner by using a highly-selective patterning process, Ic was further reduced [3]. Approach (2) We applied a novel amorphous-TaB/ β-Ta spin-Hall electrode in the VoCSM, as shown in Fig. 1. The amorphous TaB exhibits a large spin-Hall angle (θ SH = -0.18) that is twice that of β-Ta, because extrinsic effects likely have a dominant role in the SHE of TaB [4]. We successfully prepared an extremely small magnetic dead layer (DL) of the storage layer with small interface roughness by using the TaB spin-Hall electrode. The estimated interfacial transparency of CoFeB/TaB had a relatively high value of 0.60 due to the extremely small DL. Approach (3) In the precessional switching mode for in-plane MTJs as represented in Fig. 1, since the spins in the storage layer precess from in-plane to out-of-plane, increasing H k_eff has a big impact on lowering Ic. However, the total magnetization M S t eff and H k_eff are correlated significantly with the magnetic design of the device. In particular, although lowering the total magnetization M S t eff has the advantage of lowering Ic, it may also have the effect of decreasing the retention Δ. In this study, we were able to maintain the retention Δ by increasing t eff (i.e. reducing the size of DL) despite the decreased M S. Consequently, from the perspective of lowering Ic, we successfully achieved factors such as high θ SH, self-aligned device structure related to small w N t N, high H k_eff, low α, and low M S. Device properties of the VoCSM By combining the self-aligned fabrication technique with a novel TaB spin-Hall electrode, a quite small value of critical switching current (Ic ~ 79 μA) was achieved despite a relatively large MTJ size (60 nm × 150 nm). We successfully reduced the write current further to 48 μA by the VCMA effect. The write efficiency of the VoCSM without the VCMA effect is about 4 times higher, and furthermore the write efficiency of the VoCSM by using the VCMA effect can reach 8 times higher compared with STT write operations. The VoCSM device also demonstrates high reliability such as a low write error rate (< 1 × 10-8), high endurance (> 1 × 1012 cycles), and large break-down voltage (> 2.5 V). These results indicate that VoCSM could open a path to realizing high-density nonvolatile memories with low power consumption and high-speed read and write operations. This work was partly supported by the ImPACT Program of the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan).