Invited Article: A rigid coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering endoscope with high resolution and a large field of view

P Zirak,R Galli,A Zumbusch,M Kirsch,B Messerschmidt,O Uckermann,T Meyer,M Schmitt,J Popp,G Matz,M J Winterhalder

doi:10.1063/1.5027182

P Zirak, R Galli + Show 9 more

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https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5027182

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Nonlinear optical endoscopy is an attractive technique for biomedical imaging since it promises to give access to high resolution imaging in vivo. Among the various techniques used for endoscopic contrast generation, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is especially interesting. CARS endoscopy allows molecule specific imaging of unlabeled samples. In this contribution, we describe the design, implementation, and experimental characterization of a rigid, compact CARS endoscope with a spatial resolution of 750 nm over a field of view of roughly 250 μm. Omission of the relay optics and use of a gradient index lens specifically designed for this application allow one to realize these specifications in an endoscopic unit which is 2.2 mm wide over a length of 187 mm, making clinical applications during surgical interventions possible. Multimodal use of the endoscope is demonstrated with images of samples with neurosurgical relevance.

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Nonlinear optical microscopy has become a standard tool for in vivo investigations in cell biological and biomedical settings
While the most prominent among these approaches is two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy (TPEF),[9] methods like second and third harmonic generation (SHG and THG) microscopy,[13,7,2,8] as well as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)[11,36] and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)[28,12,27] microscopy, are routinely employed
Since we intended to use our endoscope in medical applications at a later stage, beam scanning with a galvanometer was used for image generation

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Introduction

Nonlinear optical microscopy has become a standard tool for in vivo investigations in cell biological and biomedical settings. Images are generated by scanning the end of the fiber in front of a lens which focuses the excitation light onto the sample.[29,10] This approach allows the generation of images with spatial resolutions comparable to those of nonlinear optical microscopes.

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