Abstract
The Daikai station, a cut and cover structure in the subway system in Kobe, collapsed during the Hyogo ken-Nanbu earthquake of January 17, 1995 in Japan, which attracted significant attention on seismic design of underground structures world widely. Based on literature review of published researches, dynamic numerical analyses have been conducted to investigate the damage mechanism of the Daikai station subjected to the strong earthquake. The equivalent linear model has been used for the soil to approximate the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the soil including the shear modulus and the increase of damping with strain. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity model has been adopted to capture the damage evolution and progressive failure of the subway station under seismic loadings. The influence of vertical motion on the seismic response of the station is evaluated in the paper. A comparison between the numerical predictions and the damage reported shows a good agreement. The results indicate that the middle columns are the most severely damage part of the station and are mainly controlled by the horizontal ground motion. In contrast, the vertical seismic motion can generally be neglected.
Highlights
It is generally believed that underground structures have a strong seismic performance compared to surface structures because of the constrained effect of the surrounding ground [1]
The strong earthquake caused the collapse of the Daikai Station, a reinforced concrete underground structure in the subway system in Kobe [2]
The goal of the paper is to determine, or at least estimate, the causes and the mechanisms of damage observed at the Daikai station, which would be beneficial for seismic design of underground structures in future
Summary
It is generally believed that underground structures have a strong seismic performance compared to surface structures because of the constrained effect of the surrounding ground [1]. A number of underground structures have experienced significant damage during the 1995 Kobe earthquake, including subways, parking lots, tunnels and commercial streets. The strong earthquake caused the collapse of the Daikai Station, a reinforced concrete underground structure in the subway system in Kobe [2]. After few years, during the subsequent earthquakes, such as the ChiChi earthquake in Taiwan in September 1999 and Turkey earthquake in November 1999, a number of underground structures have suffered severe damage, some quite extensively [3]. The damage provides sufficient evidence to suggest that the safety of underground structures in seismically active areas is still an important issue, but not well understood yet, or at least not well consider during design.
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