Investigation of the Spatiotemporal Distribution of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 from Motor Vehicles in Roadside Environments

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This study examines the spatial and temporal distribution of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations in Padang City, Indonesia, focusing on the impact of motor vehicle emissions. Measurements were conducted at distances ranging from 5 m to 100 m from major roadways and at different times of the day to evaluate the effects of traffic patterns and meteorological conditions on air quality. The findings revealed that Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations are significantly higher near roads, with PM10 peaking at over 55 μg/m³ in the afternoon at 5 m from the roadway. Similarly, PM2.5 and PM1 also reach the maximum levels of 45 μg/m³ and 35 μg/m³, respectively, during peak traffic hours. While meteorological factors, such as temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and pressure, exhibit weak correlations with the PM levels, traffic volume emerges as the primary contributor to air pollution. These results underscore the need for effective traffic management and emission reduction strategies to mitigate pollution and protect public health. The current study’s recommendations include enhancing roadside air quality monitoring, and conducting further research on seasonal variations and the specific contributions of different vehicle types to PM pollution dynamics.