Abstract
Abstract Rare earth upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with the superior performance in the biomedical field have attracted great attention. Due to the good light stability, low toxicity, deep tissue penetration and excellent bio-compatibility, UCNPs display great potential for development in the biomedical field. Excellent related reports are increasing year by year, like molecular sensing, bioimaging and therapeutics. In this paper, the preparation, modification, application of upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles and the latest research results in the field of biomedical materials have been reported in detail. Graphical abstract: In this paper, we systematically summarize and describe the preparation, modification, application and latest discovery in biomedical field of rare earth upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP). Due to the good light stability, low toxicity, deep tissue penetration and excellent biocompatibility, UCNPs display superior performance for the development of biomedical field in cancer therapy. Our work will certainly inspire researchers in related fields to create more meaningful upconversion nanomaterials and do more contributions to human cancer treatment research.
Highlights
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) is a kind of functional materials that converts low-energy photons intoGraphical abstract: In this paper, we systematically summarize and describe the preparation, modification, application and latest discovery in biomedical field of rare earth upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP)
Upconversion fluorescence is based on three light-emitting mechanisms: excited state absorption (ESA), energy transfer upconversion (ETU), photon avalanche (PA), cooperative energy transfer (CET) and energy migration-mediated upconversion (EMU)
Yi [32] successfully synthesized Ni2+ ions-doped NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles by hydrothermal solvent thermal method the results show that the morphology of UCNPs changes from regular hexagons to nanorod of uniform size and size increases with ion Nd2+ concentration increasing, as shown Figure 4
Summary
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) is a kind of functional materials that converts low-energy photons into. In 2011, Liu’s group [6] proposed a new upconversion mechanism, energy migration-mediated upconversion (EMU) as shown Figure 1e In this phenomenon, there are four kinds of light-emitting components, sensitizer, accumulating agent, migration agent and activator. The EMU process occurs at the core of the nanoparticle (Ion1) and the energy is gradually transferred from the accumulating agent(Ion2) to the migration agent(Ion3) to the activator(Ion4) to produce upconversion luminescence. These five theoretical models build the luminescence principle of UCNPs. UCNPs are different from many organic fluorescent dyes and quantum dots (QDs), UCNPs are chemically stable and never bleach. The potential of its future development in the field of biology and medicine is prospected
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