Investigation of interferences in the determination of thallium in marine sediment reference materials using high-resolution continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometry and electrothermal atomization

Abstract

A high-resolution continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometer with a xenon short-arc lamp as the radiation source, a compact double echelle monochromator with a focal length of 302 mm and a spectral resolution of λ/Δλ≈110 000, and a UV-sensitive charged-coupled device (CCD) array detector was used to investigate the spectral interferences found with a conventional line-source atomic absorption spectrometer in the determination of thallium in marine sediment reference materials. A transversely heated graphite furnace was used as the atomizer unit, and the samples were introduced in the form of slurries. A strong iron absorption line at 276.752 nm, which was observed at atomization temperatures >2000 °C in the vicinity of the thallium resonance line at 276.787 nm, could be responsible for some of the interferences observed with low-resolution continuum-source background correction. The outstanding feature at atomization temperatures <2000 °C was the electron excitation spectrum of the gaseous SO 2 molecule that exhibited a pronounced rotational fine structure, and is for sure the main reason for the observed spectral interferences. The molecular structures could be removed completely by subtracting a model spectrum recorded during the atomization of KHSO 4, using a least squares algorithm. The same results, within experimental error, were obtained for thallium in a variety of marine sediment reference materials using ammonium nitrate as a modifier, ruthenium as a permanent modifier in addition to ammonium nitrate, and without a modifier, using aqueous standards for calibration, demonstrating the ruggedness of the method. A characteristic mass of 15–16 pg Tl was obtained, and a limit of detection of 0.02 μg g −1 Tl was calculated from the standard deviation of five repetitive determinations of HISS-1, the sediment with the lowest thallium content.