Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a widespread cause of physical disability, and while treatment options result in reduced mortality, they are still limited in their capabilities for cardiac repair. Since their discovery, the regenerative capacities of stem cells have been hypothesized to one day reverse countless diseases. Current stem cell research in cardiovascular disease has delineated the regenerative capabilities of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and cardiac stem cells, but has its limitations. Additionally, current therapies reduce mortality rates and the risk of recurrent myocardial infarctions and damage, but they do not address the apparently irreversible remodeling of myocardial tissue, which is linked to frequent hospitalizations and a diminished quality of life. As researchers continue to investigate the most efficacious growth mediums for stem cells, microgravity appears to be a supportive environment for stem cell growth. Thus, this review aims to catalogue existing research on microgravity’s differing effects on various stem cell lineages and what implications it may have on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cells grown under these conditions have increased expression of cardioprotective proteins and improved proliferative capacities but may have elevated tumorigenic potential and hypertrophic pathways. Additionally, the results of microgravity’s effects on stem cells are mixed. Nonetheless, microgravity’s impact on the cytoskeleton, overexpression of electrical contraction receptors, and increased proliferative and pluripotent effects make these cells promising avenues for potential improved clinical treatment options.
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