Abstract
Parvoviruses are small single-stranded DNA viruses that can infect both vertebrates and invertebrates. We report here the full characterization of novel viruses we identified in ducks, including two viral species within the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae (duck-associated chapparvovirus, DAC) and a novel species within the subfamily Densovirinae (duck-associated ambidensovirus, DAAD). Overall, 5.7% and 21.1% of the 123 screened ducks (American black ducks, mallards, northern pintail) were positive for DAC and DAAD, respectively, and both viruses were more frequently detected in autumn than in winter. Genome organization and predicted transcription profiles of DAC and DAAD were similar to viruses of the genera Chaphamaparvovirus and Protoambidensovirus, respectively. Their association to these genera was also demonstrated by subfamily-wide phylogenetic and distance analyses of non-structural protein NS1 sequences. While DACs were included in a highly supported clade of avian viruses, no definitive conclusions could be drawn about the host type of DAAD because it was phylogenetically close to viruses found in vertebrates and invertebrates and analyses of codon usage bias and nucleotide frequencies of viruses within the family Parvoviridae showed no clear host-based viral segregation. This study highlights the high parvoviral diversity in the avian reservoir with many avian-associated parvoviruses likely yet to be discovered.
Highlights
During a previous virus discovery study performed with the in-house developed method ViDiT on oropharyngeal–cloacal swabs collected from 36 wild birds, including
8 ducks, a 221-nt fragment was identified in one sample that showed homology to viruses within the recently established genus Chaphamaparvovirus [23]
After the initial discovery of duck-associated chapparvovirus (DAC) and duck-associated ambidensovirus (DAAD), we screened archived NA isolated from samples collected from 123 ducks
Summary
These are included between two short non-coding palindromic regions that fold into terminal hairpin structures, which are similar in homotelomeric viruses and differ from one another in heterotelomeric viruses Parvoviruses maximize their genome usage by using alternative splicing to generate multiple mRNAs, which are capped and polyadenylated, that are translated into the different viral proteins. These include the replication initiator protein NS1, ancillary proteins essential for various stages of the virus life cycle (NS2-4 and NP1), and a variable number of VPs, the smallest of which (VP2-5)
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