Abstract
Logical formulas called invariants are a staple of formal methods for program analysis. Persistent-state variables appear in these formulas playing their proper intuitive role, which is somewhere between inputs and internal variables. In software testing theory, on the contrary, state is not usually accorded explicit treatment. Comparing the viewpoints of formal methods and testing theory suggests new roles that formal methods can play in testing. This examination is motivated by recent systems such as Daikon, which use both tests and invariants.
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