Abstract
ABSTRACTHypocrealean fungi (Ascomycota) are known for their diversity of lifestyles. Their vital influences on agricultural and natural ecosystems have resulted in a number of sequenced genomes, which provide essential data for genomic analysis. Totally, 45 hypocrealean fungal genomes constructed a phylogeny. The phylogeny showed that plant pathogens in Nectriaceae diverged earliest, followed by animal pathogens in Cordycipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae and Clavicipitaceae with mycoparasites in Hypocreaceae. Insect/nematode pathogens and grass endophytes in Clavicipitaceae diverged at last. Gene families associated with host-derived nutrients are significantly contracted in diverged lineages compared with the ancestral species. Introgression was detected in certain lineages of hypocrealean fungi, and the main functions of the genes located in the introgressed regions are involved in host recognition, transcriptional regulation, stress response and cell growth regulation. These results indicate that contraction of gene families and introgression might be main mechanisms to drive lifestyle differentiation and evolution and host shift of hypocrealean fungi.
Highlights
Hypocreales (Ascomycota) containing nine recognised families and over 2600 species (Rogerson 1970; Kirk et al 2008) is one of the most important orders in Ascomycota
A single spore isolate of OWVT-1 was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA, BDTM, New Jersey, U.S.A.) plate for 4 weeks and the mycelium was harvested for genomic DNA preparation using the CTAB/SDS/ Proteinase K method (Möller et al 1992)
A dataset comprised of 627 genes encoding single-copy homologous proteins obtained by blasting against the BUSCO database was used to construct the phylogenetic relationships using RAxML (Figure 1)
Summary
Hypocreales (Ascomycota) containing nine recognised families and over 2600 species (Rogerson 1970; Kirk et al 2008) is one of the most important orders in Ascomycota. Species within hypocreales have evolved various lifestyles including saprophytism, endophytism and parasitism on plants, insects, nematodes and other fungi (Berbee 2001). The evolution of plant and animal pathogens and the origin of the grass endophytes from insect pathogens in Clavicipitaceae were documented by multigene phylogenetic analysis (Spatafora et al 2007; Sung et al 2008). Clavicipitaceae is composed of grass endophytes that benefit plants but impair grass-feeding animals (Clay 1988; White et al 2003), as well as insect and nematode pathogens such as the Metarhizium spp. and Pochonia spp
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