Introduction to the microbiome

Abstract

The human body is colonized by amultitude of different microbes that are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Gut microbes account for the largest proportion of these. They constitute abarrier against foreign pathogens, carry out important metabolic functions and regulate the immune system, thereby making them essential for the maintenance of health. The most important determinants of the gut microbiome structure in the general population include exocrine pancreatic function, genetics, nutrition, age, sex, and obesity. Changes in the gut microbiome have also been linked to avariety of diseases not limited to gastrointestinal disorders. Typical microbiome changes in disease include aloss of diversity and beneficial bacteria or an increase in opportunistic pathogens. This may result in aproinflammatory and unstable microbiome. Knowledge about the microbiome is rapidly increasing and microbiome modulation therapies have already been implemented in clinical practice. Therefore, basic knowledge about the microbiome is essential for all medical professionals in order for them to advise and treat their patients properly.