Introduction of a totally green and one-step analytical method resulting in exhaustive extraction of some fungicides and herbicides from apple juice using one-pot-synthesized CoGA MOF through dispersive micro solid phase extraction coupled to HPLC-DAD

Abstract

The first-ever attempt at the use of CoGA metal–organic framework (MOF) in an analytical method development was done in this study to extract and preconcentrate some fungicides and herbicides from apple juice samples. Application of no organic solvents, gallic acid as the ligand, cobalt as the cationic center, no high temperatures or long reaction times in the synthesis process, and one-pot synthesis feature all benefit the introduced method. Also, conducting a one-step extraction process (dispersive micro solid phase extraction) using µL level of the mobile phase as the desorption solvent, and a low amount of MOF utilization make the approach green. The developed analytical process was propelled by dispersing only 15 mg of CoGA MOF in Na2SO4 dissolved aqueous solution containing the analytes and vortexing. After the centrifugation, a µL level of the mobile phase was used for analyte desorption aim and an aliquot of it was injected into the high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector. Reaching the exhaustive extraction conditions (extraction recoveries in the range of 95–99%) promises no analyte loss during the extraction process. Also, low limits of detection (0.063–0.220 µg/L) and quantification (0.210–0.740 µg/L), enrichment factors in the range of 47.5–49.5, and low relative standard deviations (2.57–3.70%) for intra-day (n = 5) precisions were achieved. Also, the diode array detector capability helped to distinguish the appeared peaks at the retention times of the analytes in the surveyed juice samples.