Abstract
Blockchain technology is a technology that inherently solves trust issues. It has the character-istics of decentralization, distributed storage, tamper resistance, security, and transparency. It ensures reliable communication between nodes that do not trust each other through consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, and other means. Blockchain stores each transaction data on each transaction node to make the data public and transparent, and generates the data into a blockchain.. As a relatively new distributed database system, blockchain has expanded to many other fields since the initial digital currency, but its development is seriously constrained by problems such as large storage overhead and low query efficiency. In order to find a suita-ble optimization method, select the representative blockchain system Bitcoin, analyze its data structure, data storage and data query processing mechanism, discuss the problems existing in the two functions of storage and query, summarize the existing relevant optimization methods, and look forward to the main research problems of the blockchain system represented by Bitcoin in the future.
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