Abstract

espanolLos lagos de alta montana de los Pirineos estan libres de peces de forma natural, debido a las barreras hidrograficas que impiden su colonizacion. Sin embargo, se han producido numerosas introducciones de truchas y piscardos en estos ecosistemas, tanto en periodos historicos como recientes. Estas introducciones causan cambios en el ecosistema y problemas ecologicos, ya que ambos peces ocupan la cuspide de la red alimentaria. Este estudio tenia dos objetivos. Primero, investigamos que factores antropogenicos y ambientales explican la presencia de peces en los lagos de los Pirineos. Para ello, recopilamos datos sobre la ocurrencia de truchas y piscardos en 520 lagos de alta montana > 0.5 ha en la vertiente sur del Pirineos. El segundo objetivo fue investigar el efecto de los peces introducidos sobre distintos grupos de organismos: anfibios, macroinvertebrados conspicuos, crustaceos planctonicos y la comunidad epilitica litoral. Para abordar el segundo objetivo muestreamos 1736 lagos, lagunas y charcas a diferentes niveles de intensidad. La distribucion de Salmo trutta en los lagos de la vertiente sur de los Pirineos se explica principalmente por los factores antropogenicos y las caracteristicas del lago, mientras que solo los factores antropogenicos relacionados con la pesca deportiva se asociaron con la distribucion de las truchas exoticas Salvelinus fontinalis y Oncorhynchus mykiss. En el caso de la ocurrencia de piscardos (Phoxinus sp.), la presencia previa de truchas en el lago fue la variable mas explicativa, confirmando la asociacion con la pesca deportiva con cebo vivo. La presencia de peces estuvo relacionada con la desaparicion de la mayoria de las especies de anfibios. En el caso de los anfibios, aunque los peces introducidos tuvieron un alto impacto local, los patrones este‒oeste de algunas variables ambientales emergieron como los principales factores que condicionan el area de distribucion de los anfibios a escala pirenaica. El piscardo tambien mostro un impacto considerable en el habitat pelagico, reduciendo la abundancia de algunas especies de crustaceos planctonicos que parecian no verse afectadas por las truchas. Ademas, confirmamos la presencia de una cascada trofica litoral mediada por la depredacion de peces sobre renacuajos, que condiciona la mayoria de las caracteristicas del epiliton litoral mediante la drastica reduccion del herbivorismo. EnglishPyrenean high mountain lakes are naturally fishless due to hydrographic barriers that have prevented the natural colonisation of fish species from lower elevation streams. However, there have been numerous introductions of trout and minnows to such ecosystems, either in historical and recent periods. Trout and minnow introductions can cause large ecological problems and ecosystem changes in high mountain lakes, since both taxa occupy the top of a lake’s food web. The study had two objectives. First, we wanted to investigate which particular anthropogenic and environmental factors best explained fish presence in the Pyrenean lakes. For that purpose we collected data on trout and minnow occurrence from 520 high mountain lakes > 0.5 ha in the southern Pyrenees. The second objective was to investigate the effect of introduced fish on several groups of organisms such as amphibians, conspicuous macroinvertebrates, planktonic crustaceans and littoral epilithic community. For that purpose we sampled 1736 lakes and ponds at different levels of intensity. The distribution of Salmo trutta in the lakes of the southern slopes of the Pyrenees was best explained by both anthropogenic factors and lake characteristics, while only anthropogenic factors linked to recreational fishing were associated with the distribution of the exotic trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Oncorhynchus mykiss. In the case of minnow occurrence, previous presence of trout in the lake was the most explanative variable, confirming its association with its use as live-bait in recreational fishing. Fish presence was linked with the disappearance of most amphibian species. Despite fish had a high local effect, at Pyrenean range scale, western-eastern patterns of some environmental variables were the main drivers of amphibian species distribution. Minnows also showed a sizeable impact on the pelagic habitat, reducing the occurrence of some crustacean zooplankton species that appeared to be unaffected by trout. In addition, we confirmed the presence of a littoral trophic cascade that defines most of the characteristics of the littoral epilithon of Pyrenean high mountain lakes and ponds through fish predation of tadpoles and hence, by a drastic reduction of grazing activity

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