Intraventricular hemorrhage in premature neonates: A narrative review of perinatal risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and management

Abstract

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of premature neonates and according to several authors its prevalence varies between 15% - 44.7%. Numerous perinatal risk factors have been associated with the development of IVH. This hemorrhagic situation has been defined as a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality despite the great improvement observed in the clinical management of premature neonates. Rates of neonatal morbid­ity and adverse neurologic sequelae due to IVH remain high, making clinical decisions regarding treatment and management of IVH, challenging for healthcare professionals working in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Since IVH is a complex situation that requires the involvement of a multidisciplinary team, we aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the topic. Through up-to-date scientific data, this review summarizes the key aspects of IVH in relation to development, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management via pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.