Intra-event variations of organic micropollutants in highway runoff and a presedimentation-biofilter treatment facility

Abstract

The study assessed the quality of highway runoff and a stormwater treatment system, focusing on intra-event variations (IEVs: variations within a runoff/effluent event) of the concentration of organic micropollutants (OMPs) including bisphenol-A, alkylphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). IEVs of OMPs varied considerably with no particular recurring pattern in highway runoff and presedimentation effluent, displaying sporadic strong first flushes. IEVs are significantly associated with rainfall intensity variations, especially for particle-bound substances such as PAHs and PHCs. However, phenolic substances showed distinct IEV patterns compared to total suspended solids, PAHs, and PHCs, likely due to their higher solubility and mobility. Downstream sand filter (SF) and vegetated biofilter (BFC) mitigated IEVs, leading to more uniform discharge during outflow events. Although BFC’s IEVs were indiscernible due to low effluent concentrations, SF’s IEVs often peaked at the beginning of events (within the first 100 of ⁓600 m3), exceeding the lowest predicted non-effect concentrations for five PAHs, bisphenol-A, and octylphenol. This study highlights the advantage of IEV analysis over conventional event mean concentration analysis for identifying critical effluent stages, crucial for developing control strategies to protect sensitive water recipients or for reuse applications.