Abstract
This research aims to understand the precise intracellular metabolic processes of how microbes solubilize insoluble phosphorus (Insol-P) to increase bio-available P. Newly isolated Penicillium oxalicum PSF-4 exhibited outstanding tricalcium phosphate (TP) and iron phosphate (IP) solubilization performance—as manifested by microbial growth and the secretion of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs). Untargeted metabolomics approach was employed to assess the metabolic alterations of 73 intracellular metabolites induced by TP and IP compared with soluble KH2PO4 in P. oxalicum. Based on the changes of intracellular metabolites, it was concluded that (i) the enhanced intracellular glyoxylate and carbohydrate metabolisms increased the extracellular LMWOAs production; (ii) the exposure of Insol-P poses potential effects to P. oxalicum in destructing essential cellular functions, affecting microbial growth, and disrupting amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolisms; and (iii) the intracellular amino acid utilization played a significant role to stimulate microbial growth and the extracellular LMWOAs biosynthesis.
Highlights
As a structural and functional component, phosphorus (P) play critical roles in supporting global food requirements and maintaining the vitality of agricultural organisms on Earth [1]
The maximal microbial biomass of P. oxalicum cultured for three days under tricalcium phosphate (TP), iron phosphate (IP), and C reached 0.26, 0.22, and 0.17 g, respectively (Figure S1A)
P-solubilization abilities in P. oxalicum followed the rank order of TP > IP, which can be explained by the difference in low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) production under different insoluble phosphorus (Insol-P)
Summary
As a structural and functional component, phosphorus (P) play critical roles in supporting global food requirements and maintaining the vitality of agricultural organisms on Earth [1]. P is an indispensable element for plant growth and an important component of agricultural production. The use of soil P still poses a major challenge for plants, as P is non-renewable, and PO4 3− is strongly absorbed as Ca, Al, and Fe (hydro) oxides [2,3]. Less than 0.1% of total soil P exists in bioavailable form for plant growth and crop use [4]. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) are key regulators in the transformation and biogeochemical cycles of soil P by enhancing the bioavailability of P, HPO4 2− , and H2 PO4 − through inorganic P solubilization and organic. Many previous studies have used PSM in agricultural systems for their eco-friendly and simple ability to liberate P from organic and inorganic resources to make it bioavailable [5,6,7,8]
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