Intracellular iron storage and the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis. Comparative studies with other mycobacterial, parasitic or infectious conditions of veterinary importance

Abstract

The distribution of iron and mycobacteria was examined in the intestinal tract of ruminants with naturally-occurring M. paratuberculosis infection and compared with mycobacterial infections in several species. This distribution was compared with that of iron in chronic lesions caused by other microbial or parasitic agents. In the clinical form of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep and goats there was marked lymphangiectasis and a high proportion of the granulomatous lesions contained siderotic macrophages with a high mycobacterial content. In cattle with preclinical lesions of granulomatous enteropathy, the greatest number of acid-fast organisms was present in siderotic, non-differentiated, ileo-caecal macrophages; concurrent mast cell-associated allergic enteropathy was also apparent in the duodenum, proximal and mid-ileum of most animals. In paratuberculosis-affected herds, a high proportion of non-productive cows were without classical granulomatous change but had cultural or immunological evidence of M. paratuberculosis infection and similar allergic catarrhal enteropathy of the upper intestinal tract. Interstitial haemorrhage of the ileocaecal valve, with the accumulation of haemosiderin and ferritin in undifferentiated macrophages was observed in some of these cattle and also in others with experimentally-induced copper deficiency and acute ostertagiasis. Colonisation of the ileo-caecal or caecal glandular crypts by large, apparently saprophytic acid-fast organisms indicated regional tolerance to such organisms in all cattle. In other mycobacterioses such as bovine or avian tuberculosis, undifferentiated, siderotic macrophages containing mycobacteria were also seen in early granulomas, but epithelioid and giant cell differentiation invariably led to the disappearance of intracellular iron and a reduction in mycobacterial numbers. In possums in which epithelioid and giant cells did not occur in response to M. bovis infection, siderosis persisted in many macrophages and overwhelming mycobacterial multiplication occurred. These studies indicate that, in most infections with mycobacteria, differentiation of macrophages radically reverses their iron acquisitive properties, creating an intracellular environment unsuitable for mycobacterial multiplication. It seems likely that allergically mediated microvascular haemorrhage, local tolerance of commensal mycobacteria and attenuation of the macrophage siderosis reversal mechanism provide unique conditions for early, uninhibited, intracellular multiplication of M. paratuberculosis in the ileo-caecal valve of certain mature ruminants.