Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to interpret ambiguous situations as threatening and having negative consequences, resulting in feelings of distress and anxiety. IU has been linked to a number of anxiety disorders, and anxiety felt in the face of uncertainty may result in maladaptive behaviors such as impulsive decision making. Although there is strong evidence that anxiety and impulsivity are risk factors for addiction, there is a paucity of research examining the role of IU in this disorder. The rate of opioid addiction, in particular, has been rising steadily in recent years, which necessitates deeper understanding of risk factors in order to develop effective prevention and treatment methods. The current study tested for the first time whether opioid-dependent adults are less tolerant of uncertainty compared to a healthy comparison group. Opioid dependent patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (n = 114) and healthy comparisons (n = 69) completed the following scales: Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, the Barrett Impulsivity Scale, and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Analysis revealed that these measures were positively correlated with each other and that opioid-dependent patients had significantly higher IU scores. Regression analysis revealed that anxiety mediated the relationship between IU and impulsivity. Hierarchical moderation regression found an interaction between addiction status and impulsivity on IU scores in that the relationship between these variables was only observed in the patient group. Findings suggest that IU is a feature of addiction but does not necessarily play a unique role. Further research is needed to explore the complex relationship between traits and how they may contribute to the development and maintenance of addiction.
Highlights
In the last 15 years, opioid abuse has grown in the United States by 150% and heroin overdose deaths by 400% [1]
Partial correlations found that Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) scores were significantly correlated with Barratt Impulsivity Scale– 11th revision (BIS-11) scores, r = .2945, p =
This study sought to add to our understanding of psychological and personality risk factors for opioid drug addiction
Summary
In the last 15 years, opioid abuse has grown in the United States by 150% and heroin overdose deaths by 400% [1]. Opioid use and overdose deaths are steadily on the rise worldwide, including in Europe and Australia [2, 3]. These dramatic increases are largely attributed to the spread of prescription opioid use (and abuse) in demographic groups that have historically been at low risk for addiction, such as women and high income earners [1]. Drug use has been conceptualized as a maladaptive coping mechanism in which individuals use substances to reduce negative affect elicited by stressful circumstances or distressing emotional states [6]. Avoidance is a hallmark of anxiety, but this effect was evident even in heroin dependent individuals that were not co-morbid for anxiety
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