Abstract
Social distancing has been regarded as a key method by the authorities worldwide to manage the pandemic of COVID-19. Digital technologies play a crucial role to support the social, professional and economic activities when people are forced to stay locked-down in their homes. Internet of things (IoT) technologies have a track of providing high quality remote health care and automation services which could guarantee social distancing while maintaining health and well-being of populations. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end IoT architecture to support the social distancing in the event of pandemic. The architecture comprises of the major use cases of IoT in relevance with the COVID-19. Furthermore, we also present a short-term and long-term strategy to mange the social distancing methodology using the proposed IoT architecture. The challenges associated with each layer of architecture have been highlighted and design guidelines have been presented to deal with them.
Highlights
The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak emerged from the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019
In order to achieve that, we have conducted a review of existing protocols functioning at various Internet of things (IoT) layered architecture; in the light of findings, we proposed the protocols to be used at each layer (including Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) or COAP for applicaiton layer; Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for transport layer, IPv4 or IPv6 for network and WiFi, 5G (URLLC), Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M), Bluetooth, LTE-M, Narrow Band-IoT (NB-IoT), Sigfox, Long Range (LoRa), Zigbee, 802.15.4 or NB-IoT for medium access control (MAC) layer
Based on the above characteristics of different protocols, we have proposed protocols for each IoT application described in the IoT architecture Figure 3
Summary
The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak emerged from the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Previous instances of emergence of other forms of coronavirus includes the 2002–2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak (Chan-Yeung and Xu, 2003) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection of 2012 (Abeler et al, 2020). Coronaviruses are spherical RNA viruses with protein spikes protruding from the surface giving it a crown like look. It is extremely contagious with 1–14 days incubation period (a time during which the patients exhibit no symptoms); technically termed as SARS-CoV-2 or β-coronavirus
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