Abstract
Selection and separation of inheritance has the desired characteristics of plants, animals and organisms have specific morphological characteristics and called them in terms of biotechnology. Including applications help farmers to reduce the amount of fertilizers , chemical pesticides, water and fuel consumption for the production of food As well as biotechnological products can be used for purification and cleansing the environment and food production at lower costs and reduce the use of harmful chemicals to human health and the environment. However, criticism has been leveled on biotechnology, for example, genetically modified organisms, unlike chemicals, have a risk of spread and replication capabilities and unknown toxins may be produced by biotechnological products or reduce biodiversity, genetic contamination and poisoning and destroy beneficial insects harmless. This article, in addition to addressing various aspects of biotechnology, seeking to assess the strengths and limitations of current international law and structures designed to address these concerns communities. Biotechnology problems at the international level and treaties related to each of them are as follows: A) Concerns about patent genetically modified crops: National rules developed countries, genetically modified crops have to support intellectual property. If to be biotech crops intellectual property rights, the bulk of the food of world award to several capitalist companies .B) Concerns about Transparency Regarding Exports of Genetically Modified Products: Notification of genetically modified content could be achieved through a labeling system C) Liability for damage caused by genetically modified imported products: The international community have tried to establish international rules on liability and compensation for damage caused by genetically modified crops that in the Biosafety Protocol, the provisions limiting the harmful effects caused by genetically modified organisms. D) Liability of Trans boundary damage caused by genetically modified crops: Genetically modified crops could have a negative impact on the environment of neighboring states, even if completely in a state of production and consumption .After careful consideration of the above it can be concluded that there is not a single treaty regime and specific concerns to address the biotechnology. But we are faced to fragmented and conflicting network of treaties relating to intellectual property, trade and the environment, as well as a series of general principles of law and legal norms ambiguous.
Highlights
Biotechnology encompasses a variety of techniques Such as separating the natural inheritance and selection of an organism that is desired properties, The hybrid cells from fusing different parental resources, The use of radioactive substances or chemicals to create mutant hereditary characteristics, Genetic engineering of plants, animals, living creatures small to contain specific morphological.In total, biotechnology called different techniques using living organisms or parts of organisms to make or modify products, plant breeding and rearing jpl.ccsenet.org
Including applications help farmers to reduce the amount of fertilizers, chemical pesticides, water and fuel consumption for the production of food As well as biotechnological products can be used for purification and cleansing the environment and food production at lower costs and reduce the use of harmful chemicals to human health and the environment
If to be biotech crops intellectual property rights, the bulk of the food of world award to several capitalist companies .B) Concerns about Transparency Regarding Exports of Genetically Modified Products: Notification of genetically modified content could be achieved through a labeling system C) Liability for damage caused by genetically modified imported products: The international community have tried to establish international rules on liability and compensation for damage caused by genetically modified crops that in the Biosafety Protocol, the provisions limiting the harmful effects caused by genetically modified organisms
Summary
Biotechnology encompasses a variety of techniques Such as separating the natural inheritance and selection of an organism that is desired properties, The hybrid cells from fusing different parental resources, The use of radioactive substances or chemicals to create mutant hereditary characteristics, Genetic engineering of plants, animals, living creatures small to contain specific morphological.In total, biotechnology called different techniques using living organisms or parts of organisms to make or modify products, plant breeding and rearing jpl.ccsenet.org. Concerns have been raised on various potential aspects of new biotechnology and Including unknown toxins, antibiotic resistance, religious violations, counterfeit and fake freshness, genetic pollution And other harmful effects arising from the entry of toxic organisms in the ecosystem.Critics of Engineering and Biotechnology,. Argue that modified crops that are designed for human or animal consumption .They have uncontrolled adequately By competent authorities such as local and national government through regulations America Such products are not tested in terms of long-term effects on human health, modified crops to some extent by existing legislation on food, medicine, agriculture and the environment Are set by organizations such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Modified products to poison the insects, May inevitably lead to the poisoning of insects are harmless or beneficial insects When feed from pests And so increase the number of pests And reduces the biodiversity of insects
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