Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this paper was to analyze the internal consistency of the Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) questionnaire based on three studies with sports practitioners in the Brazilian college context. Methods: All the three studies i) were carried out with students enrolled in higher education and engaged in sports training by their institution (n1 = 304; n2 = 441; n3 = 310); ii) used SMS-II as an instrument for data collection; iii) used the online procedure for data collection. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed and Cronbach's Alpha (α), McDonald's Omega (Ω), and the correlation between items were used to assess internal consistency. Results: As potentialities, five dimensions of the SMS-II presented high values of internal reliability (α and Ω > 0.60). As a limitation, the dimension of introjected regulation showed low reliability (α and Ω < 0.40) in the three studies conducted by our group. The exclusion of item 16 enabled an increase in alpha, but without achieving satisfactory reliability in Study 1 (α = 0.46) and Study 2 (α = 0.31). In Study 3, the exclusion of item 7 improved the internal reliability of the dimension (α = 0.43) also without reaching satisfactory values of internal consistency. It was not possible to identify a problematic item, given that each item had a different influence in the three studies. Conclusion: We found good values of validity and internal consistency for the Brazilian version of the SMS-II. However, we suggest attention to the introjected regulation dimension when using the instrument in the Brazilian college context.
Highlights
There is a growing body of literature investigating the influence of motivation on the development, maintenance, or drop out of sports practice[1]
We found few national studies that used Sport Motivation Scale (SMS)-II to assess the motivation of Brazilian sports practitioners and when they did, it was not reported the measures of internal consistency of the instrument[13,14]
Legend: Legend: M - Mean; SD - Standard Deviation; α - Cronbach's Alpha. Based on these three studies conducted by our group, we found well-fitted Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) models and a good internal consistency for five dimensions of SMS-II
Summary
There is a growing body of literature investigating the influence of motivation on the development, maintenance, or drop out of sports practice[1]. Scholars have investigated the differences between athletes that focus on improving their performance, while others only try to avoid failing; or why some may persist when facing a failure, while others give up or lose interest[1] To investigate this complex relationship between motivation and sports practice, researchers resort to the Theory of Self-Determination (TSD) allowing to discriminate the different reasons for engagement and interest in sport through a motivation continuum. According to this theory, on the one hand, athletes can be motivated by external factors, such as rewards, assessments, pressure from parents or coaches, or opinions about their ability and competence in sport[2]. Based on the TSD, it is possible to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for participation in sport, considering intrinsic factors the motivation to do something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable, and extrinsic factors the motivation to do something as a means to an end or a reward[2]
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