Interfacial uploading of luminescent hexamolybdenum cluster units onto amino-decorated silica nanoparticles as new design of nanomaterial for cellular imaging and photodynamic therapy

Abstract

The present work introduces a facile synthetic route to embed phosphorescent K2[{Mo6I8}I6] and (nBu4N)2[{Mo6I8}(CH3COO)6] clusters (C) onto silica-water interface of amino-decorated silica nanoparticles (SNs, 60 ± 6 nm). The assembled C-SNs gain in the luminescence intensity, which remains stable within three months after their assembly. High uptake capacity of the clusters (8700 of K2[{Mo6I8}I6] and 6500 of (nBu4N)2[{Mo6I8}(CH3COO)6] per the each nanoparticle) derives from ionic self-assembly and coordination bonds between the cluster complexes and ionic (amino- and siloxy-) groups at the silica surface. The coordination via amino- or siloxy-groups restricts aquation and hydrolysis of the embedded clusters, in comparison with the parent K2[{Mo6I8}I6] and (nBu4N)2[{Mo6I8}(CH3COO)6. High potential of the assembled nanoparticles in the ROS generation was revealed by EPR measurements facilitated by spin trapping. The high positive charge and convenient colloid stability of the assembled C-SNs hybrids are the prerequisite for their efficient cellular uptake, which is exemplified in the work by MCF-7 cell line. The measured dark and photoinduced cytotoxicity of the C-SNs hybrids reveals significant photodynamic therapy effect on the MCF-7 cancer cell line versus the normal cells. This effect is entirely due to the embedded clusters and is dependent on the chemical composition of the cluster.