Intercalation of α-titanium phosphate with long-chain amine aided by short-chain amine

Abstract

In the textile industry, various chemicals are used to produce quality yarns. Thinking about its future use for improving the dyeability of the textile yarns, the intercalation of alpha-titanium phosphate (α-TiP) using long-chain amine was accomplished. In this work, we studied α-titanium phosphate intercalation by a long-chain amine aided by a short-chain one. The synthesis of the titanium phosphate was performed using titanium isopropoxide and orthophosphoric acid with a molar ratio of 1:8. The phosphate was organically modified using two different amines—ethylamine (E) and the oligoetheramine [O-(2aminopropyl)-O’-(2-methoxyethyl) polypropylene glycol, Jeffamine®, (J)] using the 0.5:1 amine:phosphate molar ratio. The materials were characterized by thermogravimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. JETiP and EJTiP thermogravimetric curves evidenced higher amine incorporation into titanium phosphate. X-ray diffractogram patterns of ETiP, JETiP and EJTiP showed new diffraction peaks coexisting with pristine one. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that amine was incorporated into α-TiP galleries as amine salt. Evaluation of several absorption ratios showed that better efficiency of amine intercalation was found in the JETiP and EJTiP assembled system. ETiP, JETiP and EJTiP Raman spectroscopy revealed change in α-TiP spectra owing to the chemical modification and intercalation promoted by amines. According to the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, JETiP and EJTiP showed the highest level of Jeffamine® incorporation. We concluded that the use of ethylamine was indispensable in the intercalation of long-chain amine inside the α-TiP galleries.