Interactions among technological innovation, foreign direct investment, and agriculture: A symmetric and asymmetric study of inclusive sustainable development

We researched China's climate and sustainable development goal with relevant and susceptible instruments capable of inducing and mitigating carbon emissions. Amidst the contributor to the global carbon emissions, China is caught in between mitigating its carbon emission and aiming towards placing its national contribution of emissions to the acceptable levels of 1.5°C and below 2°C. Following the intricacies surrounding China's sustainable development as it contains its economic and environmental performance, we adopt China's data of 1980 and 2018 with different scientific approaches (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), dynamic ordinary least square test, and bootstrap Granger causality) with different instruments (such as economic growth, financial development, renewable energy, and innovation policies) to research China's sustainable development. For clear exposition and insight into our findings with policies attached, we draw a conclusion from the outcomes of the mentioned approaches. From NARDL and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), we find that economic growth through economic activities is statistically significant in determining the trend (increase) of carbon emissions in China in both periods (short run and long run). However, other selected instruments (financial, renewable, and innovation policies) tend towards controlling and moderating the carbon emissions in China. Thus, China has good prospects to mitigate its carbon emissions if considered tailoring its policies towards favorable instruments. From bootstrap Granger causality, we find similar inferential results that support previous findings thereby confirming the positive implication of the selected instruments to China's sustainable development. Hence, the nexus that is established among the selected instruments clearly show the importance of technological innovation and renewable energy in mitigating carbon emissions.

Nexus between resource policy, renewable energy policy and export diversification: Asymmetric study of environment quality towards sustainable development

Mediating role of finance amidst resource and energy policies in carbon control: A sustainable development study of Saudi Arabia

This study is anchored on the global best practice policies for achieving sustainable goals for Malaysia. Malaysia is among the countries that made commitment at 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference to reduce its carbon emissions by 2030. This is expected to contribute to the country’s sustainable development. Malaysian quarterly data of 1992Q1–2019Q4 with relevant policy-based instruments (renewable energy policy, technological innovations, financial development, and entrepreneur activities) are adopted in our study for explicit and clear insight on the subject. Different scientific and analytical methods are equally applied in this study, but the focus and emphasis are laid on the findings from linear (dynamic ordinary least square, DOLS) and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and Granger causality. Findings from both NARDL and DOLS confirmed the positive shocks of renewable energy policy, technological innovations, financial development, and entrepreneur activities are mitigating carbon emissions. Also, inverted U shape of EKC hypothesis is found for Malaysia. Findings from Granger causality support the findings from both estimates by establishing both feedback and unidirectional causal nexus among the instruments. From the finding myms, policy-based instruments are mitigating carbon emissions in Malaysia; thus, it will be a very good idea to frame policies around these instruments.

The economic situation of many nations, especially developing countries, demands urgent and immediate attention on the best practices to revamp and sustain socio-economic development. Terrorism and bureaucratic processes are threatening the easy start-up and survival of new businesses, which are considered the engine of economic growth and development. On this note, this study examined the ease of doing business and sustainable development amid a choking political and business environment in Algeria. Algeria’s quarterly data from 2006Q1 to 2020Q4 are utilized to examine the structural impact of terrorism and other selected variables on Algeria’s sustainable development. A dual model of economic growth (GDP per capita) and ease of doing business with a novel non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) method was employed. Findings from the non-linear ARDL approach show that income development and ease of doing business have a two-way relationship. This means that both variables act as a determinant of each other. However, terrorism is found to impact negatively on both income development and ease of doing business in both models. Tourism arrival has asymmetric impact on economic development. While it is not supporting the economic growth in the short run, it turned to impact the economic development in the long run; however, tourism is found to impact the ease of doing business positively in both periods. Surprisingly, foreign direct investment (FDI) is found to impact positively on economic growth but negatively relate to ease of doing business. The findings show that terrorism and political instability are anti-economic growth and ease of doing business and hence capable of obstructing the sustainable development of the country. Again, tourism has a dual influence on the sustainable economic development of Algeria. It is not adding directly to the economic growth of Algeria; however, it is adding indirectly through a positive link with the ease of doing business in the country. Policies to mitigate terrorism and increase ease of doing business will support the sustainable economic goal of Algeria.

This paper is a qualitative analysis of the critical role of government in promoting inclusive sustainable economic growth and development. This critical role of government transcends beyond an economy’s experience of normal economic life or economic crisis, the type of economic system that is being practiced by a nation, and the level of development of a nation. The reason is that government serves as a stimulator, driver, sparker, lubricator, and the co-ordinator of the other economic units to create a conducive environment needed for private sector growth and the overall development of an economy. Though, the state also has its deficiencies in resource allocation and the management of the economy, a poorly functioning government portends economic doom. The exclusive roles of governments in promoting inclusive sustainable economic growth and development are: smoothening markets activities, promoting better macroeconomic performances, driving, sparking, stimulating, and lubricating the private sector for growth, mitigating social vices, undertaking financial sector cleanup, stabilisation, restructuring, providing stimulus packages to address economic meltdowns or recessions, and combating pandemics. This study concludes that the state serves as an engine of inclusive sustainable economic growth and development. This study recommends that governments must be held accountable by their citizenry and the international community for their actions and inactions and should be prevented from shirking their responsibilities to their societies. They need to be more efficient and proactive in ensuring public sector efficiency so as to spearhead economic growth and development. Again, the roles of the state and the private sector in promoting inclusive sustainable economic growth and development must not be mutually exclusive. Every economy must strive for a healthy balance between private sector and state planning that will lead to inclusive sustainable economic growth and development. Governments must promote effective governance and combat corruption both in the private and public sectors of every economy.

This study examines the endogenous growth theory for technological innovation and economic growth with the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and air transport freight in seven emerging BRICS-MT economies. In the existing literature, there is no significant empirical evidence on the dynamic relationship among technological innovation, air transport freight, FDI, and economic growth in BRICS-MT countries. Thus, the current study contributes to the growing literature regarding the role of technological Innovation, air transport, and FDI on economic growth. To this end, we explore the dynamic nexus between technological innovation, air transport, FDI, and economic growth in 7 selected emerging BRICS-MT countries, including Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Mexico, and Turkey. This study covers the most recent updated period for panel data from 2000 to 2019. We applied panel cointegration, dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), and Granger causality tests to draw empirical inferences. The Pedroni panel and Kao residual cointegration tests confirm the long-run relationships among the variables. The DOLS results indicate that air transport freight, technological innovation, and FDI significantly positively impact economic growth. This study's findings confirmed the endogenous growth model in BRICS-MT countries. Furthermore, the Granger causality test results show the feedback effect of FDI on economic growth. The outcomes of this study also show the unidirectional causal relationship between air transport freight and economic growth. Moreover, the results provide support to economic policymakers in their decision-making. These results fill the gaps that assist policymakers of BRICS-MT countries in removing barriers to air transport freight, technological innovation, and foreign direct investment, thereby achieving sustainable economic development.

COP 28 Policy Perspectives: Achieving Environmental Sustainability through FDI, Technological Innovation Index, Trade Openness, Energy Consumption, and Economic Development in N-11 Emerging Economies

Over the last few decades, climate change and global warming have intensified a serious threat that may deteriorate global sustainable development. The factors significantly contributing to global warming are greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the variables affecting carbon emissions considerably. This study examines symmetric (linear) and asymmetric (non-linear) effects of green technology innovation (GTI), economic policy uncertainty (EPU) along with foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic development (GDP) on carbon emissions (CO2) by utilizing yearly time series data between 1970–2018 in Italy. We employed linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approaches to examine short- and long-run estimates. The symmetric results show that GTI and EPU mitigate environmental degradation in the long run and intensify in the short run, whereas FDI increases environmental issues over the long and short run. Nevertheless, the asymmetric outcomes demonstrate that positive shocks in GTI lessen CO2 emissions, whereas negative shocks in GTI significantly escalate CO2 emissions. Furthermore, EPU and FDI positive and negative shocks significantly enhance environmental degradation. Based on these findings, important policy implications for policymakers to make strong policies to achieve carbon neutrality targets and achieve sustainable economic growth are proposed. Finally, because positive and negative changes in GTI, EPU, and FDI have different consequences on CO2 emissions, policymakers should consider asymmetry across these variables when assessing their impact.

The governance factor: Mitigating carbon emissions through FDI and financial development in emerging Asian economies

One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc.
 
 Keywords:
 One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc.
 
 Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Investment Policy Management, Correlations, Remittances
 
 JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24
 
 JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24

In recent decades, the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and carbon emissions has garnered the extensive attention by researchers and governments across the globe. Also, for most part, empirical studies on this nexus have assumed a symmetric relationship through the imposition of linear specifications. However, such relationships do not account for asymmetries in the impact of FDI on carbon emissions. In the case of sub-Saharan Africa, such relationships are crucial and need more careful analysis given the important role FDI plays in the development of the sub-region. Thus, this paper examines the asymmetric effect of FDI on carbon emissions in 41 selected sub-Saharan African countries spanning from 1996 to 2018. In order to decompose FDI into positive and negative partial sum and examine possible asymmetric effects of the variables on carbon emissions, we used the panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. This method accounts for cross-sectional variances. Our results show that in the long run, a positive shock in FDI increases carbon emissions while a negative shock lowers them. Our results also show that carbon emissions respond asymmetrically to changes in FDI. It is recommended that comprehensive investment policies aimed at encouraging clean technology and environmentally friendly investments be implemented to ensure environmental sustainability.

Human progress has become detrimental to the environment. Moreover, the failure to mitigate pollution would eventually impact negatively on the economy. This study investigates the influence of technological innovation, research and development, and quality of governance on carbon emissions for the European Union countries while controlling for industrialization, renewable energy, trade openness and foreign direct investment from 1996 to 2018 by employing the method of moment quantile regression technique. The result revealed that renewable energy, trade openness, and quality governance boost environmental quality, while technological innovation and industrialization increase carbon emissions. Also, the interaction between technological innovation and quality governance, research and development and quality governance as well as industrialization and quality governance decreases carbon emission while that of foreign direct investment and quality governance increases carbon emission. From the causality analysis, there is a bidirectional relationship between research and development and carbon emission, technology innovation and carbon emission, renewable energy and carbon emission, trade openness and carbon emission as well as industrialization and carbon emission. Moreover, a unidirectional connection was obtained between foreign direct investment and carbon emission, as well as quality governance and carbon emission. Based on the outcomes, comprehensive policy directions are suggested for policymakers in these countries.

According to the Carbon Brief Profile report by Timperley (2019), India has been identified as the world's 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs) after China and the USA. Following the Paris Agreement and India's pledge as among the stakeholders at the global climate talks and how fast India ratified the Paris Agreement within a year on the 2nd of October 2016, it is essential to investigate the country's (India) commitment in reducing its emission towards enhancing a positive environmental performance. Both structural breaks, linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), were selected simultaneously for this study, but at a later stage, after being bound to cointegration estimation, the NARDL was dropped because of its inability to sustain the claim of cointegration in the analysis. The rest of the analyses were based on liner ARDL model (short-run and long-run) with diagnostic tests, Granger causality estimation. Ecological Footprint (EFP) was chosen as an indicator to environment because of its richness in measuring the environmental performance. The linear (ARDL) output affirms a positive and significant link among ecological footprint and agriculture, energy use, and population with a negative link between ecological footprint (EFP) and foreign direct investment (FDI). The Granger causality test indicates a one-way transmission passing from agriculture, foreign direct investment, energy use, and population to ecological footprint. Also, a one-way transmission was found passing to economic growth (GDP) from foreign direct investment (FDI) and feedback transmission was found between FDI and energy use. This finding has an implication to both economic and environmental performances; hence, the policy framework should be targeting the enhancement of economy via the foreign direct investment and agriculture with a focus on energy use and environmental performance.

Debates on foreign direct investment, technological innovation and carbon emission seem unsettling in the literature. We contribute to the literature by investigating the relationships between foreign direct investment, technological innovation, and carbon emissions in Ghana. Using the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) method, the analysis reveals that foreign direct investment contributes to reduced emissions in the short run but significantly increases carbon emissions in the long run, aligning with the pollution haven hypothesis. This indicates that Ghana may have a robust environmental regulation that ensures eco-friendly foreign direct investments in the short run, with weak enforcement of regulations resulting in high emissions in the long term. Technological innovation in the Ghanaian context contributes to increased CO2 emissions. However, the interaction effect of foreign direct investments and technological innovation reduces carbon emissions, emphasizing the importance of aligning foreign investments with sustainable technological advancements in Ghana. The study also identifies the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) effect, where emissions rise with economic growth but decelerate at higher GDP levels. The findings underscore the need for stronger environmental regulations and a shift towards sustainable, cleaner energy and technological development to mitigate the environmental impacts of economic growth in Ghana and similar developing countries.