Abstract
In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to determine the amount of Fusarium oxysporum, an important replant disease pathogen in Pseudostellaria heterophylla rhizospheric soil. Moreover, HPLC was used to identify phenolic acids in root exudates then it was further to explore the effects of the phenolic acid allelochemicals on the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. heterophylla. The amount of F. oxysporum increased significantly in P. heterophylla rhizosphere soil under a consecutive replant system as monitored through qPCR analysis. Furthermore, the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. heterophylla mycelium was enhanced by root exudates with a maximum increase of 23.8%. In addition, the number of spores increased to a maximum of 12.5-fold. Some phenolic acids promoted the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. heterophylla mycelium and spore production. Our study revealed that phenolic acids in the root secretion of P. heterophylla increased long with its development, which was closely related to changes in rhizospheric microorganisms. The population of pathogenic microorganisms such as F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere soil of P. heterophylla also sharply increased. Our results on plant-microbe communication will help to better clarify the cause of problems associated with P. heterophylla under consecutive monoculture treatment.
Highlights
Interaction of Pseudostellaria heterophylla with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. heterophylla mediated by its root exudates in a consecutive monoculture system
The result of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis showed a significant increase in the amount of pathogenic F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere of P. heterophylla as the monoculture years increased (Table 1)
A significant increase in the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. heterophylla mycelium was observed after a treatment with root exudates at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL (Figure 1a)
Summary
Interaction of Pseudostellaria heterophylla with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. heterophylla mediated by its root exudates in a consecutive monoculture system. Our results on plant-microbe communication will help to better clarify the cause of problems associated with P. heterophylla under consecutive monoculture treatment. P. heterophylla root tubers are commonly used to treat chronic diseases associated with the lung and as a spleen tonic[1] This plant suffers from serious consecutive monoculture problems. Three major causes have been described for consecutive monoculture problems in previous studies: imbalance of soil nutrients, autotoxicity of root exudates and shifts in the microbial community[2]. Qu and Wang[16] artificially www.nature.com/scientificreports applied phenol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (PEDT) and vanillic acid (VA), two autotoxins from soybean root exudates, to the soil and found a significant impact of VA on microbial communities and an important role to cause soybean replant problems
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